1 -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
3 -- Module : Control.Arrow
4 -- Copyright : (c) Ross Paterson 2002
5 -- License : BSD-style (see the LICENSE file in the distribution)
7 -- Maintainer : libraries@haskell.org
8 -- Stability : experimental
9 -- Portability : portable
11 -- Basic arrow definitions, based on
12 -- /Generalising Monads to Arrows/, by John Hughes,
13 -- /Science of Computer Programming/ 37, pp67-111, May 2000.
14 -- plus a couple of definitions ('returnA' and 'loop') from
15 -- /A New Notation for Arrows/, by Ross Paterson, in /ICFP 2001/,
16 -- Firenze, Italy, pp229-240.
17 -- See these papers for the equations these combinators are expected to
18 -- satisfy. These papers and more information on arrows can be found at
19 -- <http://www.haskell.org/arrows/>.
21 module Control.Arrow (
23 Arrow(..), Kleisli(..),
24 -- ** Derived combinators
27 -- ** Right-to-left variants
29 -- * Monoid operations
30 ArrowZero(..), ArrowPlus(..),
33 -- * Arrow application
34 ArrowApply(..), ArrowMonad(..), leftApp,
38 (>>>), (<<<) -- reexported
41 import Prelude hiding (id,(.))
44 import Control.Monad.Fix
45 import Control.Category
55 -- | The basic arrow class.
57 -- Minimal complete definition: 'arr' and 'first'.
59 -- The other combinators have sensible default definitions,
60 -- which may be overridden for efficiency.
62 class Category a => Arrow a where
64 -- | Lift a function to an arrow.
65 arr :: (b -> c) -> a b c
67 -- | Send the first component of the input through the argument
68 -- arrow, and copy the rest unchanged to the output.
69 first :: a b c -> a (b,d) (c,d)
71 -- | A mirror image of 'first'.
73 -- The default definition may be overridden with a more efficient
74 -- version if desired.
75 second :: a b c -> a (d,b) (d,c)
76 second f = arr swap >>> first f >>> arr swap
77 where swap ~(x,y) = (y,x)
79 -- | Split the input between the two argument arrows and combine
80 -- their output. Note that this is in general not a functor.
82 -- The default definition may be overridden with a more efficient
83 -- version if desired.
84 (***) :: a b c -> a b' c' -> a (b,b') (c,c')
85 f *** g = first f >>> second g
87 -- | Fanout: send the input to both argument arrows and combine
90 -- The default definition may be overridden with a more efficient
91 -- version if desired.
92 (&&&) :: a b c -> a b c' -> a b (c,c')
93 f &&& g = arr (\b -> (b,b)) >>> f *** g
96 "compose/arr" forall f g .
97 (arr f) . (arr g) = arr (f . g)
98 "first/arr" forall f .
99 first (arr f) = arr (first f)
100 "second/arr" forall f .
101 second (arr f) = arr (second f)
102 "product/arr" forall f g .
103 arr f *** arr g = arr (f *** g)
104 "fanout/arr" forall f g .
105 arr f &&& arr g = arr (f &&& g)
106 "compose/first" forall f g .
107 (first f) . (first g) = first (f . g)
108 "compose/second" forall f g .
109 (second f) . (second g) = second (f . g)
112 -- Ordinary functions are arrows.
114 instance Arrow (->) where
118 -- (f *** g) ~(x,y) = (f x, g y)
119 -- sorry, although the above defn is fully H'98, nhc98 can't parse it.
120 (***) f g ~(x,y) = (f x, g y)
122 -- | Kleisli arrows of a monad.
124 newtype Kleisli m a b = Kleisli { runKleisli :: a -> m b }
126 instance Monad m => Category (Kleisli m) where
128 (Kleisli f) . (Kleisli g) = Kleisli (\b -> g b >>= f)
130 instance Monad m => Arrow (Kleisli m) where
131 arr f = Kleisli (return . f)
132 first (Kleisli f) = Kleisli (\ ~(b,d) -> f b >>= \c -> return (c,d))
133 second (Kleisli f) = Kleisli (\ ~(d,b) -> f b >>= \c -> return (d,c))
135 -- | The identity arrow, which plays the role of 'return' in arrow notation.
137 returnA :: Arrow a => a b b
140 -- | Precomposition with a pure function.
141 (^>>) :: Arrow a => (b -> c) -> a c d -> a b d
142 f ^>> a = arr f >>> a
144 -- | Postcomposition with a pure function.
145 (>>^) :: Arrow a => a b c -> (c -> d) -> a b d
146 a >>^ f = a >>> arr f
148 -- | Precomposition with a pure function (right-to-left variant).
149 (<<^) :: Arrow a => a c d -> (b -> c) -> a b d
150 a <<^ f = a <<< arr f
152 -- | Postcomposition with a pure function (right-to-left variant).
153 (^<<) :: Arrow a => (c -> d) -> a b c -> a b d
154 f ^<< a = arr f <<< a
156 class Arrow a => ArrowZero a where
159 instance MonadPlus m => ArrowZero (Kleisli m) where
160 zeroArrow = Kleisli (\_ -> mzero)
162 class ArrowZero a => ArrowPlus a where
163 (<+>) :: a b c -> a b c -> a b c
165 instance MonadPlus m => ArrowPlus (Kleisli m) where
166 Kleisli f <+> Kleisli g = Kleisli (\x -> f x `mplus` g x)
168 -- | Choice, for arrows that support it. This class underlies the
169 -- @if@ and @case@ constructs in arrow notation.
170 -- Any instance must define 'left'. The other combinators have sensible
171 -- default definitions, which may be overridden for efficiency.
173 class Arrow a => ArrowChoice a where
175 -- | Feed marked inputs through the argument arrow, passing the
176 -- rest through unchanged to the output.
177 left :: a b c -> a (Either b d) (Either c d)
179 -- | A mirror image of 'left'.
181 -- The default definition may be overridden with a more efficient
182 -- version if desired.
183 right :: a b c -> a (Either d b) (Either d c)
184 right f = arr mirror >>> left f >>> arr mirror
185 where mirror (Left x) = Right x
186 mirror (Right y) = Left y
188 -- | Split the input between the two argument arrows, retagging
189 -- and merging their outputs.
190 -- Note that this is in general not a functor.
192 -- The default definition may be overridden with a more efficient
193 -- version if desired.
194 (+++) :: a b c -> a b' c' -> a (Either b b') (Either c c')
195 f +++ g = left f >>> right g
197 -- | Fanin: Split the input between the two argument arrows and
198 -- merge their outputs.
200 -- The default definition may be overridden with a more efficient
201 -- version if desired.
202 (|||) :: a b d -> a c d -> a (Either b c) d
203 f ||| g = f +++ g >>> arr untag
204 where untag (Left x) = x
208 "left/arr" forall f .
209 left (arr f) = arr (left f)
210 "right/arr" forall f .
211 right (arr f) = arr (right f)
212 "sum/arr" forall f g .
213 arr f +++ arr g = arr (f +++ g)
214 "fanin/arr" forall f g .
215 arr f ||| arr g = arr (f ||| g)
216 "compose/left" forall f g .
217 left f . left g = left (f . g)
218 "compose/right" forall f g .
219 right f . right g = right (f . g)
222 instance ArrowChoice (->) where
225 f +++ g = (Left . f) ||| (Right . g)
228 instance Monad m => ArrowChoice (Kleisli m) where
229 left f = f +++ arr id
230 right f = arr id +++ f
231 f +++ g = (f >>> arr Left) ||| (g >>> arr Right)
232 Kleisli f ||| Kleisli g = Kleisli (either f g)
234 -- | Some arrows allow application of arrow inputs to other inputs.
236 class Arrow a => ArrowApply a where
237 app :: a (a b c, b) c
239 instance ArrowApply (->) where
242 instance Monad m => ArrowApply (Kleisli m) where
243 app = Kleisli (\(Kleisli f, x) -> f x)
245 -- | The 'ArrowApply' class is equivalent to 'Monad': any monad gives rise
246 -- to a 'Kleisli' arrow, and any instance of 'ArrowApply' defines a monad.
248 newtype ArrowApply a => ArrowMonad a b = ArrowMonad (a () b)
250 instance ArrowApply a => Monad (ArrowMonad a) where
251 return x = ArrowMonad (arr (\_ -> x))
252 ArrowMonad m >>= f = ArrowMonad (m >>>
253 arr (\x -> let ArrowMonad h = f x in (h, ())) >>>
256 -- | Any instance of 'ArrowApply' can be made into an instance of
257 -- 'ArrowChoice' by defining 'left' = 'leftApp'.
259 leftApp :: ArrowApply a => a b c -> a (Either b d) (Either c d)
260 leftApp f = arr ((\b -> (arr (\() -> b) >>> f >>> arr Left, ())) |||
261 (\d -> (arr (\() -> d) >>> arr Right, ()))) >>> app
263 -- | The 'loop' operator expresses computations in which an output value is
264 -- fed back as input, even though the computation occurs only once.
265 -- It underlies the @rec@ value recursion construct in arrow notation.
267 class Arrow a => ArrowLoop a where
268 loop :: a (b,d) (c,d) -> a b c
270 instance ArrowLoop (->) where
271 loop f b = let (c,d) = f (b,d) in c
273 instance MonadFix m => ArrowLoop (Kleisli m) where
274 loop (Kleisli f) = Kleisli (liftM fst . mfix . f')
275 where f' x y = f (x, snd y)