1 -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
3 -- Module : Control.Exception
4 -- Copyright : (c) The University of Glasgow 2001
5 -- License : BSD-style (see the file libraries/base/LICENSE)
7 -- Maintainer : libraries@haskell.org
8 -- Stability : experimental
9 -- Portability : non-portable
11 -- This module provides support for raising and catching both built-in
12 -- and user-defined exceptions.
14 -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
16 module Control.Exception (
18 -- * The Exception type
19 Exception(..), -- instance Eq, Ord, Show, Typeable
20 IOException, -- instance Eq, Ord, Show, Typeable
21 ArithException(..), -- instance Eq, Ord, Show, Typeable
22 ArrayException(..), -- instance Eq, Ord, Show, Typeable
23 AsyncException(..), -- instance Eq, Ord, Show, Typeable
25 -- * Throwing exceptions
26 throwIO, -- :: Exception -> IO a
27 throw, -- :: Exception -> a
28 ioError, -- :: IOError -> IO a
29 #ifdef __GLASGOW_HASKELL__
30 throwTo, -- :: ThreadId -> Exception -> a
33 -- * Catching Exceptions
35 -- |There are several functions for catching and examining
36 -- exceptions; all of them may only be used from within the
39 -- ** The @catch@ functions
40 catch, -- :: IO a -> (Exception -> IO a) -> IO a
41 catchJust, -- :: (Exception -> Maybe b) -> IO a -> (b -> IO a) -> IO a
43 -- ** The @handle@ functions
44 handle, -- :: (Exception -> IO a) -> IO a -> IO a
45 handleJust,-- :: (Exception -> Maybe b) -> (b -> IO a) -> IO a -> IO a
47 -- ** The @try@ functions
48 try, -- :: IO a -> IO (Either Exception a)
49 tryJust, -- :: (Exception -> Maybe b) -> a -> IO (Either b a)
51 -- ** The @evaluate@ function
52 evaluate, -- :: a -> IO a
54 -- ** The @mapException@ function
55 mapException, -- :: (Exception -> Exception) -> a -> a
57 -- ** Exception predicates
61 ioErrors, -- :: Exception -> Maybe IOError
62 arithExceptions, -- :: Exception -> Maybe ArithException
63 errorCalls, -- :: Exception -> Maybe String
64 dynExceptions, -- :: Exception -> Maybe Dynamic
65 assertions, -- :: Exception -> Maybe String
66 asyncExceptions, -- :: Exception -> Maybe AsyncException
67 userErrors, -- :: Exception -> Maybe String
69 -- * Dynamic exceptions
72 throwDyn, -- :: Typeable ex => ex -> b
73 #ifdef __GLASGOW_HASKELL__
74 throwDynTo, -- :: Typeable ex => ThreadId -> ex -> b
76 catchDyn, -- :: Typeable ex => IO a -> (ex -> IO a) -> IO a
78 -- * Asynchronous Exceptions
82 -- ** Asynchronous exception control
84 -- |The following two functions allow a thread to control delivery of
85 -- asynchronous exceptions during a critical region.
87 block, -- :: IO a -> IO a
88 unblock, -- :: IO a -> IO a
90 -- *** Applying @block@ to an exception handler
94 -- *** Interruptible operations
100 assert, -- :: Bool -> a -> a
104 bracket, -- :: IO a -> (a -> IO b) -> (a -> IO c) -> IO ()
105 bracket_, -- :: IO a -> IO b -> IO c -> IO ()
107 finally, -- :: IO a -> IO b -> IO a
111 #ifdef __GLASGOW_HASKELL__
112 import GHC.Base ( assert )
113 import GHC.Exception as ExceptionBase hiding (catch)
114 import GHC.Conc ( throwTo, ThreadId )
115 import GHC.IOBase ( IO(..) )
119 import Hugs.Exception as ExceptionBase
122 import Prelude hiding ( catch )
123 import System.IO.Error hiding ( catch, try )
124 import System.IO.Unsafe (unsafePerformIO)
127 #include "Typeable.h"
128 INSTANCE_TYPEABLE0(Exception,exceptionTc,"Exception")
129 INSTANCE_TYPEABLE0(IOException,ioExceptionTc,"IOException")
130 INSTANCE_TYPEABLE0(ArithException,arithExceptionTc,"ArithException")
131 INSTANCE_TYPEABLE0(ArrayException,arrayExceptionTc,"ArrayException")
132 INSTANCE_TYPEABLE0(AsyncException,asyncExceptionTc,"AsyncException")
134 -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
135 -- Catching exceptions
137 -- |This is the simplest of the exception-catching functions. It
138 -- takes a single argument, runs it, and if an exception is raised
139 -- the \"handler\" is executed, with the value of the exception passed as an
140 -- argument. Otherwise, the result is returned as normal. For example:
142 -- > catch (openFile f ReadMode)
143 -- > (\e -> hPutStr stderr (\"Couldn\'t open \"++f++\": \" ++ show e))
145 -- For catching exceptions in pure (non-'IO') expressions, see the
146 -- function 'evaluate'.
148 -- Note that due to Haskell\'s unspecified evaluation order, an
149 -- expression may return one of several possible exceptions: consider
150 -- the expression @error \"urk\" + 1 \`div\` 0@. Does
151 -- 'catch' execute the handler passing
152 -- @ErrorCall \"urk\"@, or @ArithError DivideByZero@?
154 -- The answer is \"either\": 'catch' makes a
155 -- non-deterministic choice about which exception to catch. If you
156 -- call it again, you might get a different exception back. This is
157 -- ok, because 'catch' is an 'IO' computation.
159 -- Note that 'catch' catches all types of exceptions, and is generally
160 -- used for \"cleaning up\" before passing on the exception using
161 -- 'throwIO'. It is not good practice to discard the exception and
162 -- continue, without first checking the type of the exception (it
163 -- might be a 'ThreadKilled', for example). In this case it is usually better
164 -- to use 'catchJust' and select the kinds of exceptions to catch.
166 -- Also note that The "Prelude" also exports a
167 -- function called 'catch' which has the same type as
168 -- 'Control.Exception.catch', the difference being that the
169 -- "Prelude" version only catches the IO and user
170 -- families of exceptions (as required by Haskell 98). We recommend
171 -- either hiding the "Prelude" version of
172 -- 'catch' when importing
173 -- "Control.Exception", or importing
174 -- "Control.Exception" qualified, to avoid name-clashes.
176 catch :: IO a -- ^ The computation to run
177 -> (Exception -> IO a) -- ^ Handler to invoke if an exception is raised
179 catch = ExceptionBase.catchException
181 -- | The function 'catchJust' is like 'catch', but it takes an extra
182 -- argument which is an /exception predicate/, a function which
183 -- selects which type of exceptions we\'re interested in. There are
184 -- some predefined exception predicates for useful subsets of
185 -- exceptions: 'ioErrors', 'arithExceptions', and so on. For example,
186 -- to catch just calls to the 'error' function, we could use
188 -- > result \<- catchJust errorCalls thing_to_try handler
190 -- Any other exceptions which are not matched by the predicate
191 -- are re-raised, and may be caught by an enclosing
192 -- 'catch' or 'catchJust'.
194 :: (Exception -> Maybe b) -- ^ Predicate to select exceptions
195 -> IO a -- ^ Computation to run
196 -> (b -> IO a) -- ^ Handler
198 catchJust p a handler = catch a handler'
199 where handler' e = case p e of
203 -- | A version of 'catch' with the arguments swapped around; useful in
204 -- situations where the code for the handler is shorter. For example:
206 -- > do handle (\e -> exitWith (ExitFailure 1)) $
208 handle :: (Exception -> IO a) -> IO a -> IO a
211 -- | A version of 'catchJust' with the arguments swapped around (see
213 handleJust :: (Exception -> Maybe b) -> (b -> IO a) -> IO a -> IO a
214 handleJust p = flip (catchJust p)
216 -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
219 -- | Forces its argument to be evaluated, and returns the result in
220 -- the 'IO' monad. It can be used to order evaluation with respect to
221 -- other 'IO' operations; its semantics are given by
223 -- > evaluate undefined `seq` return () ==> return ()
224 -- > catch (evaluate undefined) (\e -> return ()) ==> return ()
226 -- NOTE: @(evaluate a)@ is /not/ the same as @(a \`seq\` return a)@.
227 #ifdef __GLASGOW_HASKELL__
228 evaluate :: a -> IO a
229 evaluate a = IO $ \s -> case a `seq` () of () -> (# s, a #)
231 -- a `seq` (# s, a #)
232 -- because we can't have an unboxed tuple as a function argument
235 -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
238 -- | This function maps one exception into another as proposed in the
239 -- paper \"A semantics for imprecise exceptions\".
241 -- Notice that the usage of 'unsafePerformIO' is safe here.
243 mapException :: (Exception -> Exception) -> a -> a
244 mapException f v = unsafePerformIO (catch (evaluate v)
247 -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
248 -- 'try' and variations.
250 -- | Similar to 'catch', but returns an 'Either' result which is
251 -- @(Right a)@ if no exception was raised, or @(Left e)@ if an
252 -- exception was raised and its value is @e@.
254 -- > try a = catch (Right \`liftM\` a) (return . Left)
256 -- Note: as with 'catch', it is only polite to use this variant if you intend
257 -- to re-throw the exception after performing whatever cleanup is needed.
258 -- Otherwise, 'tryJust' is generally considered to be better.
260 try :: IO a -> IO (Either Exception a)
261 try a = catch (a >>= \ v -> return (Right v)) (\e -> return (Left e))
263 -- | A variant of 'try' that takes an exception predicate to select
264 -- which exceptions are caught (c.f. 'catchJust'). If the exception
265 -- does not match the predicate, it is re-thrown.
266 tryJust :: (Exception -> Maybe b) -> IO a -> IO (Either b a)
270 Right v -> return (Right v)
271 Left e -> case p e of
273 Just b -> return (Left b)
275 -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
276 -- Dynamic exceptions
279 -- #DynamicExceptions# Because the 'Exception' datatype is not extensible, there is an
280 -- interface for throwing and catching exceptions of type 'Dynamic'
281 -- (see "Data.Dynamic") which allows exception values of any type in
282 -- the 'Typeable' class to be thrown and caught.
284 -- | Raise any value as an exception, provided it is in the
286 throwDyn :: Typeable exception => exception -> b
287 throwDyn exception = throw (DynException (toDyn exception))
289 #ifdef __GLASGOW_HASKELL__
290 -- | A variant of 'throwDyn' that throws the dynamic exception to an
291 -- arbitrary thread (GHC only: c.f. 'throwTo').
292 throwDynTo :: Typeable exception => ThreadId -> exception -> IO ()
293 throwDynTo t exception = throwTo t (DynException (toDyn exception))
294 #endif /* __GLASGOW_HASKELL__ */
296 -- | Catch dynamic exceptions of the required type. All other
297 -- exceptions are re-thrown, including dynamic exceptions of the wrong
300 -- When using dynamic exceptions it is advisable to define a new
301 -- datatype to use for your exception type, to avoid possible clashes
302 -- with dynamic exceptions used in other libraries.
304 catchDyn :: Typeable exception => IO a -> (exception -> IO a) -> IO a
305 catchDyn m k = catchException m handle
306 where handle ex = case ex of
307 (DynException dyn) ->
308 case fromDynamic dyn of
309 Just exception -> k exception
313 -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
314 -- Exception Predicates
317 -- These pre-defined predicates may be used as the first argument to
318 -- 'catchJust', 'tryJust', or 'handleJust' to select certain common
319 -- classes of exceptions.
321 ioErrors :: Exception -> Maybe IOError
322 arithExceptions :: Exception -> Maybe ArithException
323 errorCalls :: Exception -> Maybe String
324 assertions :: Exception -> Maybe String
325 dynExceptions :: Exception -> Maybe Dynamic
326 asyncExceptions :: Exception -> Maybe AsyncException
327 userErrors :: Exception -> Maybe String
329 ioErrors (IOException e) = Just e
332 arithExceptions (ArithException e) = Just e
333 arithExceptions _ = Nothing
335 errorCalls (ErrorCall e) = Just e
336 errorCalls _ = Nothing
338 assertions (AssertionFailed e) = Just e
339 assertions _ = Nothing
341 dynExceptions (DynException e) = Just e
342 dynExceptions _ = Nothing
344 asyncExceptions (AsyncException e) = Just e
345 asyncExceptions _ = Nothing
347 userErrors (IOException e) | isUserError e = Just (ioeGetErrorString e)
348 userErrors _ = Nothing
350 -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
351 -- Some Useful Functions
353 -- | When you want to acquire a resource, do some work with it, and
354 -- then release the resource, it is a good idea to use 'bracket',
355 -- because 'bracket' will install the necessary exception handler to
356 -- release the resource in the event that an exception is raised
357 -- during the computation. If an exception is raised, then 'bracket' will
358 -- re-raise the exception (after performing the release).
360 -- A common example is opening a file:
363 -- > (openFile "filename" ReadMode)
365 -- > (\handle -> do { ... })
367 -- The arguments to 'bracket' are in this order so that we can partially apply
370 -- > withFile name = bracket (openFile name) hClose
373 :: IO a -- ^ computation to run first (\"acquire resource\")
374 -> (a -> IO b) -- ^ computation to run last (\"release resource\")
375 -> (a -> IO c) -- ^ computation to run in-between
376 -> IO c -- returns the value from the in-between computation
377 bracket before after thing =
382 (\e -> do { after a; throw e })
388 -- | A specialised variant of 'bracket' with just a computation to run
391 finally :: IO a -- ^ computation to run first
392 -> IO b -- ^ computation to run afterward (even if an exception
394 -> IO a -- returns the value from the first computation
399 (\e -> do { sequel; throw e })
404 -- | A variant of 'bracket' where the return value from the first computation
406 bracket_ :: IO a -> IO b -> IO c -> IO c
407 bracket_ before after thing = bracket before (const after) (const thing)
409 -- -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
410 -- Asynchronous exceptions
414 #AsynchronousExceptions# Asynchronous exceptions are so-called because they arise due to
415 external influences, and can be raised at any point during execution.
416 'StackOverflow' and 'HeapOverflow' are two examples of
417 system-generated asynchronous exceptions.
419 The primary source of asynchronous exceptions, however, is
422 > throwTo :: ThreadId -> Exception -> IO ()
424 'throwTo' (also 'throwDynTo' and 'Control.Concurrent.killThread') allows one
425 running thread to raise an arbitrary exception in another thread. The
426 exception is therefore asynchronous with respect to the target thread,
427 which could be doing anything at the time it receives the exception.
428 Great care should be taken with asynchronous exceptions; it is all too
429 easy to introduce race conditions by the over zealous use of
434 There\'s an implied 'block' around every exception handler in a call
435 to one of the 'catch' family of functions. This is because that is
436 what you want most of the time - it eliminates a common race condition
437 in starting an exception handler, because there may be no exception
438 handler on the stack to handle another exception if one arrives
439 immediately. If asynchronous exceptions are blocked on entering the
440 handler, though, we have time to install a new exception handler
441 before being interrupted. If this weren\'t the default, one would have
442 to write something like
445 > catch (unblock (...))
449 If you need to unblock asynchronous exceptions again in the exception
450 handler, just use 'unblock' as normal.
452 Note that 'try' and friends /do not/ have a similar default, because
453 there is no exception handler in this case. If you want to use 'try'
454 in an asynchronous-exception-safe way, you will need to use
460 Some operations are /interruptible/, which means that they can receive
461 asynchronous exceptions even in the scope of a 'block'. Any function
462 which may itself block is defined as interruptible; this includes
463 'takeMVar' (but not 'tryTakeMVar'), and most operations which perform
464 some I\/O with the outside world.. The reason for having
465 interruptible operations is so that we can write things like
469 > catch (unblock (...))
473 if the 'takeMVar' was not interruptible, then this particular
474 combination could lead to deadlock, because the thread itself would be
475 blocked in a state where it can\'t receive any asynchronous exceptions.
476 With 'takeMVar' interruptible, however, we can be
477 safe in the knowledge that the thread can receive exceptions right up
478 until the point when the 'takeMVar' succeeds.
479 Similar arguments apply for other interruptible operations like
480 'GHC.Handle.openFile'.
483 -- -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
487 -- | If the first argument evaluates to 'True', then the result is the
488 -- second argument. Otherwise an 'Assertion' exception is raised,
489 -- containing a 'String' with the source file and line number of the
492 -- Assertions can normally be turned on or off with a compiler flag
493 -- (for GHC, assertions are normally on unless the @-fignore-asserts@
494 -- option is give). When assertions are turned off, the first
495 -- argument to 'assert' is ignored, and the second argument is
496 -- returned as the result.
497 assert :: Bool -> a -> a
500 #ifndef __GLASGOW_HASKELL__
501 assert :: Bool -> a -> a
503 assert False _ = throw (AssertionFailed "")