1 -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
3 -- Module : Control.Exception
4 -- Copyright : (c) The University of Glasgow 2001
5 -- License : BSD-style (see the file libraries/base/LICENSE)
7 -- Maintainer : libraries@haskell.org
8 -- Stability : experimental
9 -- Portability : non-portable
11 -- This module provides support for raising and catching both built-in
12 -- and user-defined exceptions.
14 -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
16 module Control.Exception (
18 -- * The Exception type
19 Exception(..), -- instance Eq, Ord, Show, Typeable
20 IOException, -- instance Eq, Ord, Show, Typeable
21 ArithException(..), -- instance Eq, Ord, Show, Typeable
22 ArrayException(..), -- instance Eq, Ord, Show, Typeable
23 AsyncException(..), -- instance Eq, Ord, Show, Typeable
25 -- * Throwing exceptions
26 throwIO, -- :: Exception -> IO a
27 throw, -- :: Exception -> a
28 ioError, -- :: IOError -> IO a
29 #ifdef __GLASGOW_HASKELL__
30 throwTo, -- :: ThreadId -> Exception -> a
33 -- * Catching Exceptions
35 -- |There are several functions for catching and examining
36 -- exceptions; all of them may only be used from within the
39 -- ** The @catch@ functions
40 catch, -- :: IO a -> (Exception -> IO a) -> IO a
41 catchJust, -- :: (Exception -> Maybe b) -> IO a -> (b -> IO a) -> IO a
43 -- ** The @handle@ functions
44 handle, -- :: (Exception -> IO a) -> IO a -> IO a
45 handleJust,-- :: (Exception -> Maybe b) -> (b -> IO a) -> IO a -> IO a
47 -- ** The @try@ functions
48 try, -- :: IO a -> IO (Either Exception a)
49 tryJust, -- :: (Exception -> Maybe b) -> a -> IO (Either b a)
51 -- ** The @evaluate@ function
52 evaluate, -- :: a -> IO a
54 -- ** The @mapException@ function
55 mapException, -- :: (Exception -> Exception) -> a -> a
57 -- ** Exception predicates
61 ioErrors, -- :: Exception -> Maybe IOError
62 arithExceptions, -- :: Exception -> Maybe ArithException
63 errorCalls, -- :: Exception -> Maybe String
64 dynExceptions, -- :: Exception -> Maybe Dynamic
65 assertions, -- :: Exception -> Maybe String
66 asyncExceptions, -- :: Exception -> Maybe AsyncException
67 userErrors, -- :: Exception -> Maybe String
69 -- * Dynamic exceptions
72 throwDyn, -- :: Typeable ex => ex -> b
73 #ifdef __GLASGOW_HASKELL__
74 throwDynTo, -- :: Typeable ex => ThreadId -> ex -> b
76 catchDyn, -- :: Typeable ex => IO a -> (ex -> IO a) -> IO a
78 -- * Asynchronous Exceptions
82 -- ** Asynchronous exception control
84 -- |The following two functions allow a thread to control delivery of
85 -- asynchronous exceptions during a critical region.
87 block, -- :: IO a -> IO a
88 unblock, -- :: IO a -> IO a
90 -- *** Applying @block@ to an exception handler
94 -- *** Interruptible operations
100 assert, -- :: Bool -> a -> a
104 bracket, -- :: IO a -> (a -> IO b) -> (a -> IO c) -> IO ()
105 bracket_, -- :: IO a -> IO b -> IO c -> IO ()
108 finally, -- :: IO a -> IO b -> IO a
110 #ifdef __GLASGOW_HASKELL__
111 setUncaughtExceptionHandler, -- :: (Exception -> IO ()) -> IO ()
112 getUncaughtExceptionHandler -- :: IO (Exception -> IO ())
116 #ifdef __GLASGOW_HASKELL__
117 import GHC.Base ( assert )
118 import GHC.Exception as ExceptionBase hiding (catch)
119 import GHC.Conc ( throwTo, ThreadId )
120 import Data.IORef ( IORef, newIORef, readIORef, writeIORef )
121 import Foreign.C.String ( CString, withCString )
122 import System.IO ( stdout, hFlush )
126 import Hugs.Exception as ExceptionBase
129 import Prelude hiding ( catch )
130 import System.IO.Error hiding ( catch, try )
131 import System.IO.Unsafe (unsafePerformIO)
134 -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
135 -- Catching exceptions
137 -- |This is the simplest of the exception-catching functions. It
138 -- takes a single argument, runs it, and if an exception is raised
139 -- the \"handler\" is executed, with the value of the exception passed as an
140 -- argument. Otherwise, the result is returned as normal. For example:
142 -- > catch (openFile f ReadMode)
143 -- > (\e -> hPutStr stderr (\"Couldn\'t open \"++f++\": \" ++ show e))
145 -- For catching exceptions in pure (non-'IO') expressions, see the
146 -- function 'evaluate'.
148 -- Note that due to Haskell\'s unspecified evaluation order, an
149 -- expression may return one of several possible exceptions: consider
150 -- the expression @error \"urk\" + 1 \`div\` 0@. Does
151 -- 'catch' execute the handler passing
152 -- @ErrorCall \"urk\"@, or @ArithError DivideByZero@?
154 -- The answer is \"either\": 'catch' makes a
155 -- non-deterministic choice about which exception to catch. If you
156 -- call it again, you might get a different exception back. This is
157 -- ok, because 'catch' is an 'IO' computation.
159 -- Note that 'catch' catches all types of exceptions, and is generally
160 -- used for \"cleaning up\" before passing on the exception using
161 -- 'throwIO'. It is not good practice to discard the exception and
162 -- continue, without first checking the type of the exception (it
163 -- might be a 'ThreadKilled', for example). In this case it is usually better
164 -- to use 'catchJust' and select the kinds of exceptions to catch.
166 -- Also note that the "Prelude" also exports a function called
167 -- 'Prelude.catch' with a similar type to 'Control.Exception.catch',
168 -- except that the "Prelude" version only catches the IO and user
169 -- families of exceptions (as required by Haskell 98). We recommend
170 -- either hiding the "Prelude" version of
171 -- 'Prelude.catch' when importing
172 -- "Control.Exception", or importing
173 -- "Control.Exception" qualified, to avoid name-clashes.
175 catch :: IO a -- ^ The computation to run
176 -> (Exception -> IO a) -- ^ Handler to invoke if an exception is raised
178 catch = ExceptionBase.catchException
180 -- | The function 'catchJust' is like 'catch', but it takes an extra
181 -- argument which is an /exception predicate/, a function which
182 -- selects which type of exceptions we\'re interested in. There are
183 -- some predefined exception predicates for useful subsets of
184 -- exceptions: 'ioErrors', 'arithExceptions', and so on. For example,
185 -- to catch just calls to the 'error' function, we could use
187 -- > result <- catchJust errorCalls thing_to_try handler
189 -- Any other exceptions which are not matched by the predicate
190 -- are re-raised, and may be caught by an enclosing
191 -- 'catch' or 'catchJust'.
193 :: (Exception -> Maybe b) -- ^ Predicate to select exceptions
194 -> IO a -- ^ Computation to run
195 -> (b -> IO a) -- ^ Handler
197 catchJust p a handler = catch a handler'
198 where handler' e = case p e of
202 -- | A version of 'catch' with the arguments swapped around; useful in
203 -- situations where the code for the handler is shorter. For example:
205 -- > do handle (\e -> exitWith (ExitFailure 1)) $
207 handle :: (Exception -> IO a) -> IO a -> IO a
210 -- | A version of 'catchJust' with the arguments swapped around (see
212 handleJust :: (Exception -> Maybe b) -> (b -> IO a) -> IO a -> IO a
213 handleJust p = flip (catchJust p)
215 -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
218 -- | This function maps one exception into another as proposed in the
219 -- paper \"A semantics for imprecise exceptions\".
221 -- Notice that the usage of 'unsafePerformIO' is safe here.
223 mapException :: (Exception -> Exception) -> a -> a
224 mapException f v = unsafePerformIO (catch (evaluate v)
227 -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
228 -- 'try' and variations.
230 -- | Similar to 'catch', but returns an 'Either' result which is
231 -- @('Right' a)@ if no exception was raised, or @('Left' e)@ if an
232 -- exception was raised and its value is @e@.
234 -- > try a = catch (Right \`liftM\` a) (return . Left)
236 -- Note: as with 'catch', it is only polite to use this variant if you intend
237 -- to re-throw the exception after performing whatever cleanup is needed.
238 -- Otherwise, 'tryJust' is generally considered to be better.
240 -- Also note that "System.IO.Error" also exports a function called
241 -- 'System.IO.Error.try' with a similar type to 'Control.Exception.try',
242 -- except that it catches only the IO and user families of exceptions
243 -- (as required by the Haskell 98 @IO@ module).
245 try :: IO a -> IO (Either Exception a)
246 try a = catch (a >>= \ v -> return (Right v)) (\e -> return (Left e))
248 -- | A variant of 'try' that takes an exception predicate to select
249 -- which exceptions are caught (c.f. 'catchJust'). If the exception
250 -- does not match the predicate, it is re-thrown.
251 tryJust :: (Exception -> Maybe b) -> IO a -> IO (Either b a)
255 Right v -> return (Right v)
256 Left e -> case p e of
258 Just b -> return (Left b)
260 -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
261 -- Dynamic exceptions
264 -- #DynamicExceptions# Because the 'Exception' datatype is not extensible, there is an
265 -- interface for throwing and catching exceptions of type 'Dynamic'
266 -- (see "Data.Dynamic") which allows exception values of any type in
267 -- the 'Typeable' class to be thrown and caught.
269 -- | Raise any value as an exception, provided it is in the
271 throwDyn :: Typeable exception => exception -> b
272 throwDyn exception = throw (DynException (toDyn exception))
274 #ifdef __GLASGOW_HASKELL__
275 -- | A variant of 'throwDyn' that throws the dynamic exception to an
276 -- arbitrary thread (GHC only: c.f. 'throwTo').
277 throwDynTo :: Typeable exception => ThreadId -> exception -> IO ()
278 throwDynTo t exception = throwTo t (DynException (toDyn exception))
279 #endif /* __GLASGOW_HASKELL__ */
281 -- | Catch dynamic exceptions of the required type. All other
282 -- exceptions are re-thrown, including dynamic exceptions of the wrong
285 -- When using dynamic exceptions it is advisable to define a new
286 -- datatype to use for your exception type, to avoid possible clashes
287 -- with dynamic exceptions used in other libraries.
289 catchDyn :: Typeable exception => IO a -> (exception -> IO a) -> IO a
290 catchDyn m k = catchException m handle
291 where handle ex = case ex of
292 (DynException dyn) ->
293 case fromDynamic dyn of
294 Just exception -> k exception
298 -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
299 -- Exception Predicates
302 -- These pre-defined predicates may be used as the first argument to
303 -- 'catchJust', 'tryJust', or 'handleJust' to select certain common
304 -- classes of exceptions.
306 ioErrors :: Exception -> Maybe IOError
307 arithExceptions :: Exception -> Maybe ArithException
308 errorCalls :: Exception -> Maybe String
309 assertions :: Exception -> Maybe String
310 dynExceptions :: Exception -> Maybe Dynamic
311 asyncExceptions :: Exception -> Maybe AsyncException
312 userErrors :: Exception -> Maybe String
314 ioErrors (IOException e) = Just e
317 arithExceptions (ArithException e) = Just e
318 arithExceptions _ = Nothing
320 errorCalls (ErrorCall e) = Just e
321 errorCalls _ = Nothing
323 assertions (AssertionFailed e) = Just e
324 assertions _ = Nothing
326 dynExceptions (DynException e) = Just e
327 dynExceptions _ = Nothing
329 asyncExceptions (AsyncException e) = Just e
330 asyncExceptions _ = Nothing
332 userErrors (IOException e) | isUserError e = Just (ioeGetErrorString e)
333 userErrors _ = Nothing
335 -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
336 -- Some Useful Functions
338 -- | When you want to acquire a resource, do some work with it, and
339 -- then release the resource, it is a good idea to use 'bracket',
340 -- because 'bracket' will install the necessary exception handler to
341 -- release the resource in the event that an exception is raised
342 -- during the computation. If an exception is raised, then 'bracket' will
343 -- re-raise the exception (after performing the release).
345 -- A common example is opening a file:
348 -- > (openFile "filename" ReadMode)
350 -- > (\handle -> do { ... })
352 -- The arguments to 'bracket' are in this order so that we can partially apply
355 -- > withFile name = bracket (openFile name) hClose
358 :: IO a -- ^ computation to run first (\"acquire resource\")
359 -> (a -> IO b) -- ^ computation to run last (\"release resource\")
360 -> (a -> IO c) -- ^ computation to run in-between
361 -> IO c -- returns the value from the in-between computation
362 bracket before after thing =
367 (\e -> do { after a; throw e })
373 -- | A specialised variant of 'bracket' with just a computation to run
376 finally :: IO a -- ^ computation to run first
377 -> IO b -- ^ computation to run afterward (even if an exception
379 -> IO a -- returns the value from the first computation
384 (\e -> do { sequel; throw e })
389 -- | A variant of 'bracket' where the return value from the first computation
391 bracket_ :: IO a -> IO b -> IO c -> IO c
392 bracket_ before after thing = bracket before (const after) (const thing)
394 -- | Like bracket, but only performs the final action if there was an
395 -- exception raised by the in-between computation.
397 :: IO a -- ^ computation to run first (\"acquire resource\")
398 -> (a -> IO b) -- ^ computation to run last (\"release resource\")
399 -> (a -> IO c) -- ^ computation to run in-between
400 -> IO c -- returns the value from the in-between computation
401 bracketOnError before after thing =
406 (\e -> do { after a; throw e })
409 -- -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
410 -- Asynchronous exceptions
414 #AsynchronousExceptions# Asynchronous exceptions are so-called because they arise due to
415 external influences, and can be raised at any point during execution.
416 'StackOverflow' and 'HeapOverflow' are two examples of
417 system-generated asynchronous exceptions.
419 The primary source of asynchronous exceptions, however, is
422 > throwTo :: ThreadId -> Exception -> IO ()
424 'throwTo' (also 'throwDynTo' and 'Control.Concurrent.killThread') allows one
425 running thread to raise an arbitrary exception in another thread. The
426 exception is therefore asynchronous with respect to the target thread,
427 which could be doing anything at the time it receives the exception.
428 Great care should be taken with asynchronous exceptions; it is all too
429 easy to introduce race conditions by the over zealous use of
434 There\'s an implied 'block' around every exception handler in a call
435 to one of the 'catch' family of functions. This is because that is
436 what you want most of the time - it eliminates a common race condition
437 in starting an exception handler, because there may be no exception
438 handler on the stack to handle another exception if one arrives
439 immediately. If asynchronous exceptions are blocked on entering the
440 handler, though, we have time to install a new exception handler
441 before being interrupted. If this weren\'t the default, one would have
442 to write something like
445 > catch (unblock (...))
449 If you need to unblock asynchronous exceptions again in the exception
450 handler, just use 'unblock' as normal.
452 Note that 'try' and friends /do not/ have a similar default, because
453 there is no exception handler in this case. If you want to use 'try'
454 in an asynchronous-exception-safe way, you will need to use
460 Some operations are /interruptible/, which means that they can receive
461 asynchronous exceptions even in the scope of a 'block'. Any function
462 which may itself block is defined as interruptible; this includes
463 'Control.Concurrent.MVar.takeMVar'
464 (but not 'Control.Concurrent.MVar.tryTakeMVar'),
465 and most operations which perform
466 some I\/O with the outside world. The reason for having
467 interruptible operations is so that we can write things like
471 > catch (unblock (...))
475 if the 'Control.Concurrent.MVar.takeMVar' was not interruptible,
477 combination could lead to deadlock, because the thread itself would be
478 blocked in a state where it can\'t receive any asynchronous exceptions.
479 With 'Control.Concurrent.MVar.takeMVar' interruptible, however, we can be
480 safe in the knowledge that the thread can receive exceptions right up
481 until the point when the 'Control.Concurrent.MVar.takeMVar' succeeds.
482 Similar arguments apply for other interruptible operations like
483 'System.IO.openFile'.
486 #ifndef __GLASGOW_HASKELL__
487 assert :: Bool -> a -> a
489 assert False _ = throw (AssertionFailed "")
493 #ifdef __GLASGOW_HASKELL__
494 {-# NOINLINE uncaughtExceptionHandler #-}
495 uncaughtExceptionHandler :: IORef (Exception -> IO ())
496 uncaughtExceptionHandler = unsafePerformIO (newIORef defaultHandler)
498 defaultHandler :: Exception -> IO ()
499 defaultHandler ex = do
500 (hFlush stdout) `catchException` (\ _ -> return ())
502 Deadlock -> "no threads to run: infinite loop or deadlock?"
504 other -> showsPrec 0 other "\n"
505 withCString "%s" $ \cfmt ->
506 withCString msg $ \cmsg ->
509 foreign import ccall unsafe errorBelch :: CString -> CString -> IO ()
511 setUncaughtExceptionHandler :: (Exception -> IO ()) -> IO ()
512 setUncaughtExceptionHandler = writeIORef uncaughtExceptionHandler
514 getUncaughtExceptionHandler :: IO (Exception -> IO ())
515 getUncaughtExceptionHandler = readIORef uncaughtExceptionHandler