3 -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
5 -- Module : Data.Traversable
6 -- Copyright : Conor McBride and Ross Paterson 2005
7 -- License : BSD-style (see the LICENSE file in the distribution)
9 -- Maintainer : libraries@haskell.org
10 -- Stability : experimental
11 -- Portability : portable
13 -- Class of data structures that can be traversed from left to right,
14 -- performing an action on each element.
18 -- * /Applicative Programming with Effects/,
19 -- by Conor McBride and Ross Paterson, online at
20 -- <http://www.soi.city.ac.uk/~ross/papers/Applicative.html>.
22 -- * /The Essence of the Iterator Pattern/,
23 -- by Jeremy Gibbons and Bruno Oliveira,
24 -- in /Mathematically-Structured Functional Programming/, 2006, and online at
25 -- <http://web.comlab.ox.ac.uk/oucl/work/jeremy.gibbons/publications/#iterator>.
27 -- Note that the functions 'mapM' and 'sequence' generalize "Prelude"
28 -- functions of the same names from lists to any 'Traversable' functor.
29 -- To avoid ambiguity, either import the "Prelude" hiding these names
30 -- or qualify uses of these function names with an alias for this module.
32 module Data.Traversable (
42 import Prelude hiding (mapM, sequence, foldr)
43 import qualified Prelude (mapM, foldr)
44 import Control.Applicative
45 import Data.Foldable (Foldable())
46 import Data.Monoid (Monoid)
48 #if defined(__GLASGOW_HASKELL__)
50 #elif defined(__HUGS__)
52 #elif defined(__NHC__)
56 -- | Functors representing data structures that can be traversed from
59 -- Minimal complete definition: 'traverse' or 'sequenceA'.
61 -- Instances are similar to 'Functor', e.g. given a data type
63 -- > data Tree a = Empty | Leaf a | Node (Tree a) a (Tree a)
65 -- a suitable instance would be
67 -- > instance Traversable Tree where
68 -- > traverse f Empty = pure Empty
69 -- > traverse f (Leaf x) = Leaf <$> f x
70 -- > traverse f (Node l k r) = Node <$> traverse f l <*> f k <*> traverse f r
72 -- This is suitable even for abstract types, as the laws for '<*>'
73 -- imply a form of associativity.
75 -- The superclass instances should satisfy the following:
77 -- * In the 'Functor' instance, 'fmap' should be equivalent to traversal
78 -- with the identity applicative functor ('fmapDefault').
80 -- * In the 'Foldable' instance, 'Data.Foldable.foldMap' should be
81 -- equivalent to traversal with a constant applicative functor
82 -- ('foldMapDefault').
84 class (Functor t, Foldable t) => Traversable t where
85 -- | Map each element of a structure to an action, evaluate
86 -- these actions from left to right, and collect the results.
87 traverse :: Applicative f => (a -> f b) -> t a -> f (t b)
88 traverse f = sequenceA . fmap f
90 -- | Evaluate each action in the structure from left to right,
91 -- and collect the results.
92 sequenceA :: Applicative f => t (f a) -> f (t a)
93 sequenceA = traverse id
95 -- | Map each element of a structure to a monadic action, evaluate
96 -- these actions from left to right, and collect the results.
97 mapM :: Monad m => (a -> m b) -> t a -> m (t b)
98 mapM f = unwrapMonad . traverse (WrapMonad . f)
100 -- | Evaluate each monadic action in the structure from left to right,
101 -- and collect the results.
102 sequence :: Monad m => t (m a) -> m (t a)
105 -- instances for Prelude types
107 instance Traversable Maybe where
108 traverse _ Nothing = pure Nothing
109 traverse f (Just x) = Just <$> f x
111 instance Traversable [] where
112 {-# INLINE traverse #-} -- so that traverse can fuse
113 traverse f = Prelude.foldr cons_f (pure [])
114 where cons_f x ys = (:) <$> f x <*> ys
118 instance Ix i => Traversable (Array i) where
119 traverse f arr = listArray (bounds arr) `fmap` traverse f (elems arr)
123 -- | 'for' is 'traverse' with its arguments flipped.
124 for :: (Traversable t, Applicative f) => t a -> (a -> f b) -> f (t b)
128 -- | 'forM' is 'mapM' with its arguments flipped.
129 forM :: (Traversable t, Monad m) => t a -> (a -> m b) -> m (t b)
133 -- left-to-right state transformer
134 newtype StateL s a = StateL { runStateL :: s -> (s, a) }
136 instance Functor (StateL s) where
137 fmap f (StateL k) = StateL $ \ s -> let (s', v) = k s in (s', f v)
139 instance Applicative (StateL s) where
140 pure x = StateL (\ s -> (s, x))
141 StateL kf <*> StateL kv = StateL $ \ s ->
146 -- |The 'mapAccumL' function behaves like a combination of 'fmap'
147 -- and 'foldl'; it applies a function to each element of a structure,
148 -- passing an accumulating parameter from left to right, and returning
149 -- a final value of this accumulator together with the new structure.
150 mapAccumL :: Traversable t => (a -> b -> (a, c)) -> a -> t b -> (a, t c)
151 mapAccumL f s t = runStateL (traverse (StateL . flip f) t) s
153 -- right-to-left state transformer
154 newtype StateR s a = StateR { runStateR :: s -> (s, a) }
156 instance Functor (StateR s) where
157 fmap f (StateR k) = StateR $ \ s -> let (s', v) = k s in (s', f v)
159 instance Applicative (StateR s) where
160 pure x = StateR (\ s -> (s, x))
161 StateR kf <*> StateR kv = StateR $ \ s ->
166 -- |The 'mapAccumR' function behaves like a combination of 'fmap'
167 -- and 'foldr'; it applies a function to each element of a structure,
168 -- passing an accumulating parameter from right to left, and returning
169 -- a final value of this accumulator together with the new structure.
170 mapAccumR :: Traversable t => (a -> b -> (a, c)) -> a -> t b -> (a, t c)
171 mapAccumR f s t = runStateR (traverse (StateR . flip f) t) s
173 -- | This function may be used as a value for `fmap` in a `Functor`
174 -- instance, provided that 'traverse' is defined. (Using
175 -- `fmapDefault` with a `Traversable` instance defined only by
176 -- 'sequenceA' will result in infinite recursion.)
177 fmapDefault :: Traversable t => (a -> b) -> t a -> t b
178 {-# INLINE fmapDefault #-}
179 fmapDefault f = getId . traverse (Id . f)
181 -- | This function may be used as a value for `Data.Foldable.foldMap`
182 -- in a `Foldable` instance.
183 foldMapDefault :: (Traversable t, Monoid m) => (a -> m) -> t a -> m
184 foldMapDefault f = getConst . traverse (Const . f)
188 newtype Id a = Id { getId :: a }
190 instance Functor Id where
191 fmap f (Id x) = Id (f x)
193 instance Applicative Id where
195 Id f <*> Id x = Id (f x)