1 -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
3 -- Module : Data.Traversable
4 -- Copyright : Conor McBride and Ross Paterson 2005
5 -- License : BSD-style (see the LICENSE file in the distribution)
7 -- Maintainer : ross@soi.city.ac.uk
8 -- Stability : experimental
9 -- Portability : portable
11 -- Class of data structures that can be traversed from left to right.
15 -- * /Applicative Programming with Effects/,
16 -- by Conor McBride and Ross Paterson, online at
17 -- <http://www.soi.city.ac.uk/~ross/papers/Applicative.html>.
19 -- * /The Essence of the Iterator Pattern/,
20 -- by Jeremy Gibbons and Bruno Oliveira,
21 -- in /Mathematically-Structured Functional Programming/, 2006, and online at
22 -- <http://web.comlab.ox.ac.uk/oucl/work/jeremy.gibbons/publications/#iterator>.
24 module Data.Traversable (
30 import Prelude hiding (mapM, sequence, foldr)
31 import qualified Prelude (mapM, foldr)
32 import Control.Applicative
33 import Data.Foldable (Foldable())
34 import Data.Monoid (Monoid)
37 -- | Functors representing data structures that can be traversed from
40 -- Minimal complete definition: 'traverse' or 'sequenceA'.
42 -- Instances are similar to 'Functor', e.g. given a data type
44 -- > data Tree a = Empty | Leaf a | Node (Tree a) a (Tree a)
46 -- a suitable instance would be
48 -- > instance Traversable Tree
49 -- > traverse f Empty = pure Empty
50 -- > traverse f (Leaf x) = Leaf <$> f x
51 -- > traverse f (Node l k r) = Node <$> traverse f l <*> f k <*> traverse f r
53 -- This is suitable even for abstract types, as the laws for '<*>'
54 -- imply a form of associativity.
56 -- The superclass instances should satisfy the following:
58 -- * In the 'Functor' instance, 'fmap' should be equivalent to traversal
59 -- with the identity applicative functor ('fmapDefault').
61 -- * In the 'Foldable' instance, 'Data.Foldable.foldMap' should be
62 -- equivalent to traversal with a constant applicative functor
63 -- ('foldMapDefault').
65 class (Functor t, Foldable t) => Traversable t where
66 -- | Map each element of a structure to an action, evaluate
67 -- these actions from left to right, and collect the results.
68 traverse :: Applicative f => (a -> f b) -> t a -> f (t b)
69 traverse f = sequenceA . fmap f
71 -- | Evaluate each action in the structure from left to right,
72 -- and collect the results.
73 sequenceA :: Applicative f => t (f a) -> f (t a)
74 sequenceA = traverse id
76 -- | Map each element of a structure to an monadic action, evaluate
77 -- these actions from left to right, and collect the results.
78 mapM :: Monad m => (a -> m b) -> t a -> m (t b)
79 mapM f = unwrapMonad . traverse (WrapMonad . f)
81 -- | Evaluate each monadic action in the structure from left to right,
82 -- and collect the results.
83 sequence :: Monad m => t (m a) -> m (t a)
86 -- instances for Prelude types
88 instance Traversable Maybe where
89 traverse f Nothing = pure Nothing
90 traverse f (Just x) = Just <$> f x
92 instance Traversable [] where
93 traverse f = Prelude.foldr cons_f (pure [])
94 where cons_f x ys = (:) <$> f x <*> ys
98 instance Ix i => Traversable (Array i) where
99 traverse f arr = listArray (bounds arr) <$> traverse f (elems arr)
103 -- | This function may be used as a value for `fmap` in a `Functor` instance.
104 fmapDefault :: Traversable t => (a -> b) -> t a -> t b
105 fmapDefault f = getId . traverse (Id . f)
107 -- | This function may be used as a value for `Data.Foldable.foldMap`
108 -- in a `Foldable` instance.
109 foldMapDefault :: (Traversable t, Monoid m) => (a -> m) -> t a -> m
110 foldMapDefault f = getConst . traverse (Const . f)
114 newtype Id a = Id { getId :: a }
116 instance Functor Id where
117 fmap f (Id x) = Id (f x)
119 instance Applicative Id where
121 Id f <*> Id x = Id (f x)