1 {-# OPTIONS -fno-implicit-prelude #-}
2 -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
4 -- Module : Data.Typeable
5 -- Copyright : (c) The University of Glasgow, CWI 2001--2004
6 -- License : BSD-style (see the file libraries/base/LICENSE)
8 -- Maintainer : libraries@haskell.org
9 -- Stability : experimental
10 -- Portability : portable
12 -- The Typeable class reifies types to some extent by associating type
13 -- representations to types. These type representations can be compared,
14 -- and one can in turn define a type-safe cast operation. To this end,
15 -- an unsafe cast is guarded by a test for type (representation)
16 -- equivalence. The module Data.Dynamic uses Typeable for an
17 -- implementation of dynamics. The module Data.Generics uses Typeable
18 -- and type-safe cast (but not dynamics) to support the \"Scrap your
19 -- boilerplate\" style of generic programming.
21 -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
26 -- * The Typeable class
27 Typeable( typeOf ), -- :: a -> TypeRep
30 cast, -- :: (Typeable a, Typeable b) => a -> Maybe b
31 gcast, -- a generalisation of cast
33 -- * Type representations
34 TypeRep, -- abstract, instance of: Eq, Show, Typeable
35 TyCon, -- abstract, instance of: Eq, Show, Typeable
37 -- * Construction of type representations
38 mkTyCon, -- :: String -> TyCon
39 mkAppTy, -- :: TyCon -> [TypeRep] -> TypeRep
40 mkFunTy, -- :: TypeRep -> TypeRep -> TypeRep
41 applyTy, -- :: TypeRep -> TypeRep -> Maybe TypeRep
42 popStarTy, -- :: TypeRep -> TypeRep -> TypeRep
44 -- * Observation of type representations
45 typerepTyCon, -- :: TypeRep -> TyCon
46 typerepArgs, -- :: TypeRep -> [TypeRep]
47 tyconString, -- :: TyCon -> String
49 -- * The other Typeable classes
50 -- | The general instances are provided for GHC only.
51 Typeable1( typeOf1 ), -- :: t a -> TypeRep
52 Typeable2( typeOf2 ), -- :: t a b -> TypeRep
53 Typeable3( typeOf3 ), -- :: t a b c -> TypeRep
54 Typeable4( typeOf4 ), -- :: t a b c d -> TypeRep
55 Typeable5( typeOf5 ), -- :: t a b c d e -> TypeRep
56 Typeable6( typeOf6 ), -- :: t a b c d e f -> TypeRep
57 Typeable7( typeOf7 ), -- :: t a b c d e f g -> TypeRep
58 gcast1, -- :: ... => c (t a) -> Maybe (c (t' a))
59 gcast2, -- :: ... => c (t a b) -> Maybe (c (t' a b))
61 -- * Default instances
62 -- | These are not needed by GHC, for which these instances are
63 -- generated by general instance declarations.
64 typeOfDefault, -- :: (Typeable1 t, Typeable a) => t a -> TypeRep
65 typeOf1Default, -- :: (Typeable2 t, Typeable a) => t a b -> TypeRep
66 typeOf2Default, -- :: (Typeable2 t, Typeable a) => t a b c -> TypeRep
67 typeOf3Default, -- :: (Typeable2 t, Typeable a) => t a b c d -> TypeRep
68 typeOf4Default, -- :: (Typeable2 t, Typeable a) => t a b c d e -> TypeRep
69 typeOf5Default, -- :: (Typeable2 t, Typeable a) => t a b c d e f -> TypeRep
70 typeOf6Default -- :: (Typeable2 t, Typeable a) => t a b c d e f g -> TypeRep
74 import qualified Data.HashTable as HT
79 import Data.List( foldl )
81 #ifdef __GLASGOW_HASKELL__
87 import GHC.Real( rem, Ratio )
89 import GHC.Ptr -- So we can give Typeable instance for Ptr
90 import GHC.Stable -- So we can give Typeable instance for StablePtr
100 #ifdef __GLASGOW_HASKELL__
101 unsafeCoerce :: a -> b
102 unsafeCoerce = unsafeCoerce#
106 import NonStdUnsafeCoerce (unsafeCoerce)
107 import NHC.IOExtras (IORef,newIORef,readIORef,writeIORef,unsafePerformIO)
109 #include "Typeable.h"
114 -------------------------------------------------------------
116 -- Type representations
118 -------------------------------------------------------------
120 -- | A concrete representation of a (monomorphic) type. 'TypeRep'
121 -- supports reasonably efficient equality.
122 data TypeRep = TypeRep !Key TyCon [TypeRep]
124 -- Compare keys for equality
125 instance Eq TypeRep where
126 (TypeRep k1 _ _) == (TypeRep k2 _ _) = k1 == k2
128 -- | An abstract representation of a type constructor. 'TyCon' objects can
129 -- be built using 'mkTyCon'.
130 data TyCon = TyCon !Key String
132 instance Eq TyCon where
133 (TyCon t1 _) == (TyCon t2 _) = t1 == t2
138 -- let fTy = mkTyCon "Foo" in show (mkAppTy (mkTyCon ",,")
141 -- returns "(Foo,Foo,Foo)"
143 -- The TypeRep Show instance promises to print tuple types
144 -- correctly. Tuple type constructors are specified by a
145 -- sequence of commas, e.g., (mkTyCon ",,,,") returns
146 -- the 5-tuple tycon.
148 ----------------- Construction --------------------
150 -- | Applies a type constructor to a sequence of types
151 mkAppTy :: TyCon -> [TypeRep] -> TypeRep
152 mkAppTy tc@(TyCon tc_k _) args
153 = TypeRep (appKeys tc_k arg_ks) tc args
155 arg_ks = [k | TypeRep k _ _ <- args]
157 -- | A special case of 'mkAppTy', which applies the function
158 -- type constructor to a pair of types.
159 mkFunTy :: TypeRep -> TypeRep -> TypeRep
160 mkFunTy f a = mkAppTy funTc [f,a]
162 -- | Applies a type to a function type. Returns: @'Just' u@ if the
163 -- first argument represents a function of type @t -> u@ and the
164 -- second argument represents a function of type @t@. Otherwise,
165 -- returns 'Nothing'.
166 applyTy :: TypeRep -> TypeRep -> Maybe TypeRep
167 applyTy (TypeRep _ tc [t1,t2]) t3
168 | tc == funTc && t1 == t3 = Just t2
169 applyTy _ _ = Nothing
171 -- | Adds a TypeRep argument to a TypeRep.
172 popStarTy :: TypeRep -> TypeRep -> TypeRep
173 popStarTy (TypeRep tr_k tc trs) arg_tr
174 = let (TypeRep arg_k _ _) = arg_tr
175 in TypeRep (appKey tr_k arg_k) tc (trs++[arg_tr])
177 -- If we enforce the restriction that there is only one
178 -- @TyCon@ for a type & it is shared among all its uses,
179 -- we can map them onto Ints very simply. The benefit is,
180 -- of course, that @TyCon@s can then be compared efficiently.
182 -- Provided the implementor of other @Typeable@ instances
183 -- takes care of making all the @TyCon@s CAFs (toplevel constants),
186 -- If this constraint does turn out to be a sore thumb, changing
187 -- the Eq instance for TyCons is trivial.
189 -- | Builds a 'TyCon' object representing a type constructor. An
190 -- implementation of "Data.Typeable" should ensure that the following holds:
192 -- > mkTyCon "a" == mkTyCon "a"
195 mkTyCon :: String -- ^ the name of the type constructor (should be unique
196 -- in the program, so it might be wise to use the
197 -- fully qualified name).
198 -> TyCon -- ^ A unique 'TyCon' object
199 mkTyCon str = TyCon (mkTyConKey str) str
201 ----------------- Observation ---------------------
203 -- | Observe the type constructor of a type representation
204 typerepTyCon :: TypeRep -> TyCon
205 typerepTyCon (TypeRep _ tc _) = tc
207 -- | Observe the argument types of a type representation
208 typerepArgs :: TypeRep -> [TypeRep]
209 typerepArgs (TypeRep _ _ args) = args
211 -- | Observe string encoding of a type representation
212 tyconString :: TyCon -> String
213 tyconString (TyCon _ str) = str
215 ----------------- Showing TypeReps --------------------
217 instance Show TypeRep where
218 showsPrec p (TypeRep _ tycon tys) =
220 [] -> showsPrec p tycon
221 [x] | tycon == listTc -> showChar '[' . shows x . showChar ']'
222 [a,r] | tycon == funTc -> showParen (p > 8) $
226 xs | isTupleTyCon tycon -> showTuple tycon xs
233 instance Show TyCon where
234 showsPrec _ (TyCon _ s) = showString s
236 isTupleTyCon :: TyCon -> Bool
237 isTupleTyCon (TyCon _ (',':_)) = True
238 isTupleTyCon _ = False
240 -- Some (Show.TypeRep) helpers:
242 showArgs :: Show a => [a] -> ShowS
244 showArgs [a] = showsPrec 10 a
245 showArgs (a:as) = showsPrec 10 a . showString " " . showArgs as
247 showTuple :: TyCon -> [TypeRep] -> ShowS
248 showTuple (TyCon _ str) args = showChar '(' . go str args
250 go [] [a] = showsPrec 10 a . showChar ')'
251 go _ [] = showChar ')' -- a failure condition, really.
252 go (',':xs) (a:as) = showsPrec 10 a . showChar ',' . go xs as
253 go _ _ = showChar ')'
255 -------------------------------------------------------------
257 -- The Typeable class and friends
259 -------------------------------------------------------------
261 -- | The class 'Typeable' allows a concrete representation of a type to
263 class Typeable a where
264 typeOf :: a -> TypeRep
265 -- ^ Takes a value of type @a@ and returns a concrete representation
266 -- of that type. The /value/ of the argument should be ignored by
267 -- any instance of 'Typeable', so that it is safe to pass 'undefined' as
270 -- | Variant for unary type constructors
271 class Typeable1 t where
272 typeOf1 :: t a -> TypeRep
274 -- | For defining a 'Typeable' instance from any 'Typeable1' instance.
275 typeOfDefault :: (Typeable1 t, Typeable a) => t a -> TypeRep
276 typeOfDefault x = typeOf1 x `popStarTy` typeOf (argType x)
281 -- | Variant for binary type constructors
282 class Typeable2 t where
283 typeOf2 :: t a b -> TypeRep
285 -- | For defining a 'Typeable1' instance from any 'Typeable2' instance.
286 typeOf1Default :: (Typeable2 t, Typeable a) => t a b -> TypeRep
287 typeOf1Default x = typeOf2 x `popStarTy` typeOf (argType x)
289 argType :: t a b -> a
292 -- | Variant for 3-ary type constructors
293 class Typeable3 t where
294 typeOf3 :: t a b c -> TypeRep
296 -- | For defining a 'Typeable2' instance from any 'Typeable3' instance.
297 typeOf2Default :: (Typeable3 t, Typeable a) => t a b c -> TypeRep
298 typeOf2Default x = typeOf3 x `popStarTy` typeOf (argType x)
300 argType :: t a b c -> a
303 -- | Variant for 4-ary type constructors
304 class Typeable4 t where
305 typeOf4 :: t a b c d -> TypeRep
307 -- | For defining a 'Typeable3' instance from any 'Typeable4' instance.
308 typeOf3Default :: (Typeable4 t, Typeable a) => t a b c d -> TypeRep
309 typeOf3Default x = typeOf4 x `popStarTy` typeOf (argType x)
311 argType :: t a b c d -> a
314 -- | Variant for 5-ary type constructors
315 class Typeable5 t where
316 typeOf5 :: t a b c d e -> TypeRep
318 -- | For defining a 'Typeable4' instance from any 'Typeable5' instance.
319 typeOf4Default :: (Typeable5 t, Typeable a) => t a b c d e -> TypeRep
320 typeOf4Default x = typeOf5 x `popStarTy` typeOf (argType x)
322 argType :: t a b c d e -> a
325 -- | Variant for 6-ary type constructors
326 class Typeable6 t where
327 typeOf6 :: t a b c d e f -> TypeRep
329 -- | For defining a 'Typeable5' instance from any 'Typeable6' instance.
330 typeOf5Default :: (Typeable6 t, Typeable a) => t a b c d e f -> TypeRep
331 typeOf5Default x = typeOf6 x `popStarTy` typeOf (argType x)
333 argType :: t a b c d e f -> a
336 -- | Variant for 7-ary type constructors
337 class Typeable7 t where
338 typeOf7 :: t a b c d e f g -> TypeRep
340 -- | For defining a 'Typeable6' instance from any 'Typeable7' instance.
341 typeOf6Default :: (Typeable7 t, Typeable a) => t a b c d e f g -> TypeRep
342 typeOf6Default x = typeOf7 x `popStarTy` typeOf (argType x)
344 argType :: t a b c d e f g -> a
347 #ifdef __GLASGOW_HASKELL__
348 -- Given a @Typeable@/n/ instance for an /n/-ary type constructor,
349 -- define the instances for partial applications.
350 -- Programmers using non-GHC implementations must do this manually
351 -- for each type constructor.
352 -- (The INSTANCE_TYPEABLE/n/ macros in Typeable.h include this.)
354 -- | One Typeable instance for all Typeable1 instances
355 instance (Typeable1 s, Typeable a)
356 => Typeable (s a) where
357 typeOf = typeOfDefault
359 -- | One Typeable1 instance for all Typeable2 instances
360 instance (Typeable2 s, Typeable a)
361 => Typeable1 (s a) where
362 typeOf1 = typeOf1Default
364 -- | One Typeable2 instance for all Typeable3 instances
365 instance (Typeable3 s, Typeable a)
366 => Typeable2 (s a) where
367 typeOf2 = typeOf2Default
369 -- | One Typeable3 instance for all Typeable4 instances
370 instance (Typeable4 s, Typeable a)
371 => Typeable3 (s a) where
372 typeOf3 = typeOf3Default
374 -- | One Typeable4 instance for all Typeable5 instances
375 instance (Typeable5 s, Typeable a)
376 => Typeable4 (s a) where
377 typeOf4 = typeOf4Default
379 -- | One Typeable5 instance for all Typeable6 instances
380 instance (Typeable6 s, Typeable a)
381 => Typeable5 (s a) where
382 typeOf5 = typeOf5Default
384 -- | One Typeable6 instance for all Typeable7 instances
385 instance (Typeable7 s, Typeable a)
386 => Typeable6 (s a) where
387 typeOf6 = typeOf6Default
389 #endif /* __GLASGOW_HASKELL__ */
391 -------------------------------------------------------------
395 -------------------------------------------------------------
397 -- | The type-safe cast operation
398 cast :: (Typeable a, Typeable b) => a -> Maybe b
401 r = if typeOf x == typeOf (fromJust r)
402 then Just $ unsafeCoerce x
405 -- | A flexible variation parameterised in a type constructor
406 gcast :: (Typeable a, Typeable b) => c a -> Maybe (c b)
409 r = if typeOf (getArg x) == typeOf (getArg (fromJust r))
410 then Just $ unsafeCoerce x
416 gcast1 :: (Typeable1 t, Typeable1 t') => c (t a) -> Maybe (c (t' a))
419 r = if typeOf1 (getArg x) == typeOf1 (getArg (fromJust r))
420 then Just $ unsafeCoerce x
425 -- | Cast for * -> * -> *
426 gcast2 :: (Typeable2 t, Typeable2 t') => c (t a b) -> Maybe (c (t' a b))
429 r = if typeOf2 (getArg x) == typeOf2 (getArg (fromJust r))
430 then Just $ unsafeCoerce x
435 -------------------------------------------------------------
437 -- Instances of the Typeable classes for Prelude types
439 -------------------------------------------------------------
442 INSTANCE_TYPEABLE1([],listTc,"[]")
443 INSTANCE_TYPEABLE1(Maybe,maybeTc,"Maybe")
444 INSTANCE_TYPEABLE1(Ratio,ratioTc,"Ratio")
445 INSTANCE_TYPEABLE2(Either,eitherTc,"Either")
446 INSTANCE_TYPEABLE2((->),funTc,"->")
447 INSTANCE_TYPEABLE0((),unitTc,"()")
448 INSTANCE_TYPEABLE2((,),pairTc,"(,)")
449 INSTANCE_TYPEABLE3((,,),tup3Tc,",,")
452 tup4Tc = mkTyCon ",,,"
454 instance Typeable4 (,,,) where
455 typeOf4 tu = mkAppTy tup4Tc []
458 tup5Tc = mkTyCon ",,,,"
460 instance Typeable5 (,,,,) where
461 typeOf5 tu = mkAppTy tup5Tc []
464 tup6Tc = mkTyCon ",,,,,"
466 instance Typeable6 (,,,,,) where
467 typeOf6 tu = mkAppTy tup6Tc []
470 tup7Tc = mkTyCon ",,,,,"
472 instance Typeable7 (,,,,,,) where
473 typeOf7 tu = mkAppTy tup7Tc []
475 INSTANCE_TYPEABLE1(IO,ioTc,"System.IO.IO")
476 INSTANCE_TYPEABLE1(Ptr,ptrTc,"Foreign.Ptr.Ptr")
477 INSTANCE_TYPEABLE1(StablePtr,stableptrTc,"Foreign.StablePtr.StablePtr")
478 INSTANCE_TYPEABLE1(IORef,iorefTc,"Data.IORef.IORef")
479 #endif /* ! __NHC__ */
481 -------------------------------------------------------
483 -- Generate Typeable instances for standard datatypes
485 -------------------------------------------------------
488 INSTANCE_TYPEABLE0(Bool,boolTc,"Bool")
489 INSTANCE_TYPEABLE0(Char,charTc,"Char")
490 INSTANCE_TYPEABLE0(Float,floatTc,"Float")
491 INSTANCE_TYPEABLE0(Double,doubleTc,"Double")
492 INSTANCE_TYPEABLE0(Int,intTc,"Int")
493 INSTANCE_TYPEABLE0(Integer,integerTc,"Integer")
494 INSTANCE_TYPEABLE0(Ordering,orderingTc,"Ordering")
495 INSTANCE_TYPEABLE0(Handle,handleTc,"Handle")
497 INSTANCE_TYPEABLE0(Int8,int8Tc,"Int8")
498 INSTANCE_TYPEABLE0(Int16,int16Tc,"Int16")
499 INSTANCE_TYPEABLE0(Int32,int32Tc,"Int32")
500 INSTANCE_TYPEABLE0(Int64,int64Tc,"Int64")
502 INSTANCE_TYPEABLE0(Word8,word8Tc,"Word8" )
503 INSTANCE_TYPEABLE0(Word16,word16Tc,"Word16")
504 INSTANCE_TYPEABLE0(Word32,word32Tc,"Word32")
505 INSTANCE_TYPEABLE0(Word64,word64Tc,"Word64")
507 INSTANCE_TYPEABLE0(TyCon,tyconTc,"TyCon")
508 INSTANCE_TYPEABLE0(TypeRep,typeRepTc,"TypeRep")
509 #endif /* !__NHC__ */
511 #ifdef __GLASGOW_HASKELL__
512 INSTANCE_TYPEABLE0(Word,wordTc,"Word" )
515 ---------------------------------------------
519 ---------------------------------------------
522 newtype Key = Key Int deriving( Eq )
525 data KeyPr = KeyPr !Key !Key deriving( Eq )
527 hashKP :: KeyPr -> Int32
528 hashKP (KeyPr (Key k1) (Key k2)) = (HT.hashInt k1 + HT.hashInt k2) `rem` HT.prime
530 data Cache = Cache { next_key :: !(IORef Key),
531 tc_tbl :: !(HT.HashTable String Key),
532 ap_tbl :: !(HT.HashTable KeyPr Key) }
534 {-# NOINLINE cache #-}
536 cache = unsafePerformIO $ do
537 empty_tc_tbl <- HT.new (==) HT.hashString
538 empty_ap_tbl <- HT.new (==) hashKP
539 key_loc <- newIORef (Key 1)
540 return (Cache { next_key = key_loc,
541 tc_tbl = empty_tc_tbl,
542 ap_tbl = empty_ap_tbl })
544 newKey :: IORef Key -> IO Key
545 #ifdef __GLASGOW_HASKELL__
546 newKey kloc = do i <- genSym; return (Key i)
548 newKey kloc = do { k@(Key i) <- readIORef kloc ;
549 writeIORef kloc (Key (i+1)) ;
553 #ifdef __GLASGOW_HASKELL__
554 -- In GHC we use the RTS's genSym function to get a new unique,
555 -- because in GHCi we might have two copies of the Data.Typeable
556 -- library running (one in the compiler and one in the running
557 -- program), and we need to make sure they don't share any keys.
559 -- This is really a hack. A better solution would be to centralise the
560 -- whole mutable state used by this module, i.e. both hashtables. But
561 -- the current solution solves the immediate problem, which is that
562 -- dynamics generated in one world with one type were erroneously
563 -- being recognised by the other world as having a different type.
564 foreign import ccall unsafe "genSymZh"
568 mkTyConKey :: String -> Key
570 = unsafePerformIO $ do
571 let Cache {next_key = kloc, tc_tbl = tbl} = cache
572 mb_k <- HT.lookup tbl str
575 Nothing -> do { k <- newKey kloc ;
576 HT.insert tbl str k ;
579 appKey :: Key -> Key -> Key
581 = unsafePerformIO $ do
582 let Cache {next_key = kloc, ap_tbl = tbl} = cache
583 mb_k <- HT.lookup tbl kpr
586 Nothing -> do { k <- newKey kloc ;
587 HT.insert tbl kpr k ;
592 appKeys :: Key -> [Key] -> Key
593 appKeys k ks = foldl appKey k ks