1 {-# OPTIONS_GHC -fno-implicit-prelude #-}
2 {-# OPTIONS_HADDOCK hide #-}
3 -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
5 -- Module : GHC.ForeignPtr
6 -- Copyright : (c) The University of Glasgow, 1992-2003
7 -- License : see libraries/base/LICENSE
9 -- Maintainer : cvs-ghc@haskell.org
10 -- Stability : internal
11 -- Portability : non-portable (GHC extensions)
13 -- GHC's implementation of the 'ForeignPtr' data type.
15 -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
24 mallocPlainForeignPtr,
25 mallocForeignPtrBytes,
26 mallocPlainForeignPtrBytes,
27 addForeignPtrFinalizer,
29 unsafeForeignPtrToPtr,
32 addForeignPtrConcFinalizer,
36 import Control.Monad ( sequence_ )
37 import Foreign.Storable
40 import GHC.List ( null )
43 import GHC.STRef ( STRef(..) )
44 import GHC.Ptr ( Ptr(..), FunPtr )
47 -- |The type 'ForeignPtr' represents references to objects that are
48 -- maintained in a foreign language, i.e., that are not part of the
49 -- data structures usually managed by the Haskell storage manager.
50 -- The essential difference between 'ForeignPtr's and vanilla memory
51 -- references of type @Ptr a@ is that the former may be associated
52 -- with /finalizers/. A finalizer is a routine that is invoked when
53 -- the Haskell storage manager detects that - within the Haskell heap
54 -- and stack - there are no more references left that are pointing to
55 -- the 'ForeignPtr'. Typically, the finalizer will, then, invoke
56 -- routines in the foreign language that free the resources bound by
57 -- the foreign object.
59 -- The 'ForeignPtr' is parameterised in the same way as 'Ptr'. The
60 -- type argument of 'ForeignPtr' should normally be an instance of
63 data ForeignPtr a = ForeignPtr Addr# ForeignPtrContents
64 -- we cache the Addr# in the ForeignPtr object, but attach
65 -- the finalizer to the IORef (or the MutableByteArray# in
66 -- the case of a MallocPtr). The aim of the representation
67 -- is to make withForeignPtr efficient; in fact, withForeignPtr
68 -- should be just as efficient as unpacking a Ptr, and multiple
69 -- withForeignPtrs can share an unpacked ForeignPtr. Note
70 -- that touchForeignPtr only has to touch the ForeignPtrContents
71 -- object, because that ensures that whatever the finalizer is
72 -- attached to is kept alive.
74 data ForeignPtrContents
75 = PlainForeignPtr !(IORef [IO ()])
76 | MallocPtr (MutableByteArray# RealWorld) !(IORef [IO ()])
77 | PlainPtr (MutableByteArray# RealWorld)
79 instance Eq (ForeignPtr a) where
80 p == q = unsafeForeignPtrToPtr p == unsafeForeignPtrToPtr q
82 instance Ord (ForeignPtr a) where
83 compare p q = compare (unsafeForeignPtrToPtr p) (unsafeForeignPtrToPtr q)
85 instance Show (ForeignPtr a) where
86 showsPrec p f = showsPrec p (unsafeForeignPtrToPtr f)
89 -- |A Finalizer is represented as a pointer to a foreign function that, at
90 -- finalisation time, gets as an argument a plain pointer variant of the
91 -- foreign pointer that the finalizer is associated with.
93 type FinalizerPtr a = FunPtr (Ptr a -> IO ())
95 newConcForeignPtr :: Ptr a -> IO () -> IO (ForeignPtr a)
97 -- ^Turns a plain memory reference into a foreign object by
98 -- associating a finalizer - given by the monadic operation - with the
99 -- reference. The storage manager will start the finalizer, in a
100 -- separate thread, some time after the last reference to the
101 -- @ForeignPtr@ is dropped. There is no guarantee of promptness, and
102 -- in fact there is no guarantee that the finalizer will eventually
105 -- Note that references from a finalizer do not necessarily prevent
106 -- another object from being finalized. If A's finalizer refers to B
107 -- (perhaps using 'touchForeignPtr', then the only guarantee is that
108 -- B's finalizer will never be started before A's. If both A and B
109 -- are unreachable, then both finalizers will start together. See
110 -- 'touchForeignPtr' for more on finalizer ordering.
112 newConcForeignPtr p finalizer
113 = do fObj <- newForeignPtr_ p
114 addForeignPtrConcFinalizer fObj finalizer
117 mallocForeignPtr :: Storable a => IO (ForeignPtr a)
118 -- ^ Allocate some memory and return a 'ForeignPtr' to it. The memory
119 -- will be released automatically when the 'ForeignPtr' is discarded.
121 -- 'mallocForeignPtr' is equivalent to
123 -- > do { p <- malloc; newForeignPtr finalizerFree p }
125 -- although it may be implemented differently internally: you may not
126 -- assume that the memory returned by 'mallocForeignPtr' has been
127 -- allocated with 'Foreign.Marshal.Alloc.malloc'.
129 -- GHC notes: 'mallocForeignPtr' has a heavily optimised
130 -- implementation in GHC. It uses pinned memory in the garbage
131 -- collected heap, so the 'ForeignPtr' does not require a finalizer to
132 -- free the memory. Use of 'mallocForeignPtr' and associated
133 -- functions is strongly recommended in preference to 'newForeignPtr'
136 mallocForeignPtr = doMalloc undefined
137 where doMalloc :: Storable b => b -> IO (ForeignPtr b)
141 case newPinnedByteArray# size s of { (# s, mbarr# #) ->
142 (# s, ForeignPtr (byteArrayContents# (unsafeCoerce# mbarr#))
143 (MallocPtr mbarr# r) #)
145 where (I# size) = sizeOf a
147 -- | This function is similar to 'mallocForeignPtr', except that the
148 -- size of the memory required is given explicitly as a number of bytes.
149 mallocForeignPtrBytes :: Int -> IO (ForeignPtr a)
150 mallocForeignPtrBytes (I# size) = do
153 case newPinnedByteArray# size s of { (# s, mbarr# #) ->
154 (# s, ForeignPtr (byteArrayContents# (unsafeCoerce# mbarr#))
155 (MallocPtr mbarr# r) #)
158 -- | Allocate some memory and return a 'ForeignPtr' to it. The memory
159 -- will be released automatically when the 'ForeignPtr' is discarded.
161 -- GHC notes: 'mallocPlainForeignPtr' has a heavily optimised
162 -- implementation in GHC. It uses pinned memory in the garbage
163 -- collected heap, as for mallocForeignPtr. Unlike mallocForeignPtr, a
164 -- ForeignPtr created with mallocPlainForeignPtr carries no finalizers.
165 -- It is not possible to add a finalizer to a ForeignPtr created with
166 -- mallocPlainForeignPtr. This is useful for ForeignPtrs that will live
167 -- only inside Haskell (such as those created for packed strings).
168 -- Attempts to add a finalizer to a ForeignPtr created this way, or to
169 -- finalize such a pointer, will throw an exception.
171 mallocPlainForeignPtr :: Storable a => IO (ForeignPtr a)
172 mallocPlainForeignPtr = doMalloc undefined
173 where doMalloc :: Storable b => b -> IO (ForeignPtr b)
174 doMalloc a = IO $ \s ->
175 case newPinnedByteArray# size s of { (# s, mbarr# #) ->
176 (# s, ForeignPtr (byteArrayContents# (unsafeCoerce# mbarr#))
179 where (I# size) = sizeOf a
181 -- | This function is similar to 'mallocForeignPtrBytes', except that
182 -- the internally an optimised ForeignPtr representation with no
183 -- finalizer is used. Attempts to add a finalizer will cause an
184 -- exception to be thrown.
185 mallocPlainForeignPtrBytes :: Int -> IO (ForeignPtr a)
186 mallocPlainForeignPtrBytes (I# size) = IO $ \s ->
187 case newPinnedByteArray# size s of { (# s, mbarr# #) ->
188 (# s, ForeignPtr (byteArrayContents# (unsafeCoerce# mbarr#))
192 addForeignPtrFinalizer :: FinalizerPtr a -> ForeignPtr a -> IO ()
193 -- ^This function adds a finalizer to the given foreign object. The
194 -- finalizer will run /before/ all other finalizers for the same
195 -- object which have already been registered.
196 addForeignPtrFinalizer finalizer fptr =
197 addForeignPtrConcFinalizer fptr
198 (mkFinalizer finalizer (unsafeForeignPtrToPtr fptr))
200 addForeignPtrConcFinalizer :: ForeignPtr a -> IO () -> IO ()
201 -- ^This function adds a finalizer to the given @ForeignPtr@. The
202 -- finalizer will run /before/ all other finalizers for the same
203 -- object which have already been registered.
205 -- This is a variant of @addForeignPtrFinalizer@, where the finalizer
206 -- is an arbitrary @IO@ action. When it is invoked, the finalizer
207 -- will run in a new thread.
209 -- NB. Be very careful with these finalizers. One common trap is that
210 -- if a finalizer references another finalized value, it does not
211 -- prevent that value from being finalized. In particular, 'Handle's
212 -- are finalized objects, so a finalizer should not refer to a 'Handle'
213 -- (including @stdout@, @stdin@ or @stderr@).
215 addForeignPtrConcFinalizer (ForeignPtr a c) finalizer =
216 addForeignPtrConcFinalizer_ c finalizer
218 addForeignPtrConcFinalizer_ f@(PlainForeignPtr r) finalizer = do
220 writeIORef r (finalizer : fs)
223 case r of { IORef (STRef r#) ->
224 case mkWeak# r# () (foreignPtrFinalizer r) s of { (# s1, w #) ->
227 addForeignPtrConcFinalizer_ f@(MallocPtr fo r) finalizer = do
229 writeIORef r (finalizer : fs)
232 case mkWeak# fo () (do foreignPtrFinalizer r; touch f) s of
233 (# s1, w #) -> (# s1, () #)
236 addForeignPtrConcFinalizer_ _ _ =
237 error "GHC.ForeignPtr: attempt to add a finalizer to plain pointer"
239 foreign import ccall "dynamic"
240 mkFinalizer :: FinalizerPtr a -> Ptr a -> IO ()
242 foreignPtrFinalizer :: IORef [IO ()] -> IO ()
243 foreignPtrFinalizer r = do fs <- readIORef r; sequence_ fs
245 newForeignPtr_ :: Ptr a -> IO (ForeignPtr a)
246 -- ^Turns a plain memory reference into a foreign pointer that may be
247 -- associated with finalizers by using 'addForeignPtrFinalizer'.
248 newForeignPtr_ (Ptr obj) = do
250 return (ForeignPtr obj (PlainForeignPtr r))
252 touchForeignPtr :: ForeignPtr a -> IO ()
253 -- ^This function ensures that the foreign object in
254 -- question is alive at the given place in the sequence of IO
255 -- actions. In particular 'Foreign.ForeignPtr.withForeignPtr'
256 -- does a 'touchForeignPtr' after it
257 -- executes the user action.
259 -- Note that this function should not be used to express dependencies
260 -- between finalizers on 'ForeignPtr's. For example, if the finalizer
261 -- for a 'ForeignPtr' @F1@ calls 'touchForeignPtr' on a second
262 -- 'ForeignPtr' @F2@, then the only guarantee is that the finalizer
263 -- for @F2@ is never started before the finalizer for @F1@. They
264 -- might be started together if for example both @F1@ and @F2@ are
265 -- otherwise unreachable, and in that case the scheduler might end up
266 -- running the finalizer for @F2@ first.
268 -- In general, it is not recommended to use finalizers on separate
269 -- objects with ordering constraints between them. To express the
270 -- ordering robustly requires explicit synchronisation using @MVar@s
271 -- between the finalizers, but even then the runtime sometimes runs
272 -- multiple finalizers sequentially in a single thread (for
273 -- performance reasons), so synchronisation between finalizers could
274 -- result in artificial deadlock. Another alternative is to use
275 -- explicit reference counting.
277 touchForeignPtr (ForeignPtr fo r) = touch r
279 touch r = IO $ \s -> case touch# r s of s -> (# s, () #)
281 unsafeForeignPtrToPtr :: ForeignPtr a -> Ptr a
282 -- ^This function extracts the pointer component of a foreign
283 -- pointer. This is a potentially dangerous operations, as if the
284 -- argument to 'unsafeForeignPtrToPtr' is the last usage
285 -- occurrence of the given foreign pointer, then its finalizer(s) will
286 -- be run, which potentially invalidates the plain pointer just
287 -- obtained. Hence, 'touchForeignPtr' must be used
288 -- wherever it has to be guaranteed that the pointer lives on - i.e.,
289 -- has another usage occurrence.
291 -- To avoid subtle coding errors, hand written marshalling code
292 -- should preferably use 'Foreign.ForeignPtr.withForeignPtr' rather
293 -- than combinations of 'unsafeForeignPtrToPtr' and
294 -- 'touchForeignPtr'. However, the later routines
295 -- are occasionally preferred in tool generated marshalling code.
296 unsafeForeignPtrToPtr (ForeignPtr fo r) = Ptr fo
298 castForeignPtr :: ForeignPtr a -> ForeignPtr b
299 -- ^This function casts a 'ForeignPtr'
300 -- parameterised by one type into another type.
301 castForeignPtr f = unsafeCoerce# f
303 -- | Causes the finalizers associated with a foreign pointer to be run
305 finalizeForeignPtr :: ForeignPtr a -> IO ()
306 finalizeForeignPtr (ForeignPtr _ (PlainPtr _)) = return () -- no effect
307 finalizeForeignPtr (ForeignPtr _ foreignPtr) = do
308 finalizers <- readIORef refFinalizers
310 writeIORef refFinalizers []
312 refFinalizers = case foreignPtr of
313 (PlainForeignPtr ref) -> ref
314 (MallocPtr _ ref) -> ref