1 {-# OPTIONS_GHC -XNoImplicitPrelude #-}
2 {-# OPTIONS_HADDOCK hide #-}
3 -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
5 -- Module : GHC.ForeignPtr
6 -- Copyright : (c) The University of Glasgow, 1992-2003
7 -- License : see libraries/base/LICENSE
9 -- Maintainer : cvs-ghc@haskell.org
10 -- Stability : internal
11 -- Portability : non-portable (GHC extensions)
13 -- GHC's implementation of the 'ForeignPtr' data type.
15 -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
25 mallocPlainForeignPtr,
26 mallocForeignPtrBytes,
27 mallocPlainForeignPtrBytes,
28 addForeignPtrFinalizer,
29 addForeignPtrFinalizerEnv,
31 unsafeForeignPtrToPtr,
34 addForeignPtrConcFinalizer,
38 import Control.Monad ( sequence_ )
39 import Foreign.Storable
43 import GHC.List ( null )
46 import GHC.STRef ( STRef(..) )
47 import GHC.Ptr ( Ptr(..), FunPtr(..) )
49 import GHC.Num ( fromInteger )
53 -- |The type 'ForeignPtr' represents references to objects that are
54 -- maintained in a foreign language, i.e., that are not part of the
55 -- data structures usually managed by the Haskell storage manager.
56 -- The essential difference between 'ForeignPtr's and vanilla memory
57 -- references of type @Ptr a@ is that the former may be associated
58 -- with /finalizers/. A finalizer is a routine that is invoked when
59 -- the Haskell storage manager detects that - within the Haskell heap
60 -- and stack - there are no more references left that are pointing to
61 -- the 'ForeignPtr'. Typically, the finalizer will, then, invoke
62 -- routines in the foreign language that free the resources bound by
63 -- the foreign object.
65 -- The 'ForeignPtr' is parameterised in the same way as 'Ptr'. The
66 -- type argument of 'ForeignPtr' should normally be an instance of
69 data ForeignPtr a = ForeignPtr Addr# ForeignPtrContents
70 -- we cache the Addr# in the ForeignPtr object, but attach
71 -- the finalizer to the IORef (or the MutableByteArray# in
72 -- the case of a MallocPtr). The aim of the representation
73 -- is to make withForeignPtr efficient; in fact, withForeignPtr
74 -- should be just as efficient as unpacking a Ptr, and multiple
75 -- withForeignPtrs can share an unpacked ForeignPtr. Note
76 -- that touchForeignPtr only has to touch the ForeignPtrContents
77 -- object, because that ensures that whatever the finalizer is
78 -- attached to is kept alive.
80 INSTANCE_TYPEABLE1(ForeignPtr,foreignPtrTc,"ForeignPtr")
88 data ForeignPtrContents
89 = PlainForeignPtr !(IORef (Finalizers, [IO ()]))
90 | MallocPtr (MutableByteArray# RealWorld) !(IORef (Finalizers, [IO ()]))
91 | PlainPtr (MutableByteArray# RealWorld)
93 instance Eq (ForeignPtr a) where
94 p == q = unsafeForeignPtrToPtr p == unsafeForeignPtrToPtr q
96 instance Ord (ForeignPtr a) where
97 compare p q = compare (unsafeForeignPtrToPtr p) (unsafeForeignPtrToPtr q)
99 instance Show (ForeignPtr a) where
100 showsPrec p f = showsPrec p (unsafeForeignPtrToPtr f)
103 -- |A finalizer is represented as a pointer to a foreign function that, at
104 -- finalisation time, gets as an argument a plain pointer variant of the
105 -- foreign pointer that the finalizer is associated with.
107 type FinalizerPtr a = FunPtr (Ptr a -> IO ())
108 type FinalizerEnvPtr env a = FunPtr (Ptr env -> Ptr a -> IO ())
110 newConcForeignPtr :: Ptr a -> IO () -> IO (ForeignPtr a)
112 -- ^Turns a plain memory reference into a foreign object by
113 -- associating a finalizer - given by the monadic operation - with the
114 -- reference. The storage manager will start the finalizer, in a
115 -- separate thread, some time after the last reference to the
116 -- @ForeignPtr@ is dropped. There is no guarantee of promptness, and
117 -- in fact there is no guarantee that the finalizer will eventually
120 -- Note that references from a finalizer do not necessarily prevent
121 -- another object from being finalized. If A's finalizer refers to B
122 -- (perhaps using 'touchForeignPtr', then the only guarantee is that
123 -- B's finalizer will never be started before A's. If both A and B
124 -- are unreachable, then both finalizers will start together. See
125 -- 'touchForeignPtr' for more on finalizer ordering.
127 newConcForeignPtr p finalizer
128 = do fObj <- newForeignPtr_ p
129 addForeignPtrConcFinalizer fObj finalizer
132 mallocForeignPtr :: Storable a => IO (ForeignPtr a)
133 -- ^ Allocate some memory and return a 'ForeignPtr' to it. The memory
134 -- will be released automatically when the 'ForeignPtr' is discarded.
136 -- 'mallocForeignPtr' is equivalent to
138 -- > do { p <- malloc; newForeignPtr finalizerFree p }
140 -- although it may be implemented differently internally: you may not
141 -- assume that the memory returned by 'mallocForeignPtr' has been
142 -- allocated with 'Foreign.Marshal.Alloc.malloc'.
144 -- GHC notes: 'mallocForeignPtr' has a heavily optimised
145 -- implementation in GHC. It uses pinned memory in the garbage
146 -- collected heap, so the 'ForeignPtr' does not require a finalizer to
147 -- free the memory. Use of 'mallocForeignPtr' and associated
148 -- functions is strongly recommended in preference to 'newForeignPtr'
151 mallocForeignPtr = doMalloc undefined
152 where doMalloc :: Storable b => b -> IO (ForeignPtr b)
154 | I# size < 0 = error "mallocForeignPtr: size must be >= 0"
156 r <- newIORef (NoFinalizers, [])
158 case newAlignedPinnedByteArray# size align s of { (# s', mbarr# #) ->
159 (# s', ForeignPtr (byteArrayContents# (unsafeCoerce# mbarr#))
160 (MallocPtr mbarr# r) #)
162 where !(I# size) = sizeOf a
163 !(I# align) = alignment a
165 -- | This function is similar to 'mallocForeignPtr', except that the
166 -- size of the memory required is given explicitly as a number of bytes.
167 mallocForeignPtrBytes :: Int -> IO (ForeignPtr a)
168 mallocForeignPtrBytes size | size < 0 =
169 error "mallocForeignPtrBytes: size must be >= 0"
170 mallocForeignPtrBytes (I# size) = do
171 r <- newIORef (NoFinalizers, [])
173 case newPinnedByteArray# size s of { (# s', mbarr# #) ->
174 (# s', ForeignPtr (byteArrayContents# (unsafeCoerce# mbarr#))
175 (MallocPtr mbarr# r) #)
178 -- | Allocate some memory and return a 'ForeignPtr' to it. The memory
179 -- will be released automatically when the 'ForeignPtr' is discarded.
181 -- GHC notes: 'mallocPlainForeignPtr' has a heavily optimised
182 -- implementation in GHC. It uses pinned memory in the garbage
183 -- collected heap, as for mallocForeignPtr. Unlike mallocForeignPtr, a
184 -- ForeignPtr created with mallocPlainForeignPtr carries no finalizers.
185 -- It is not possible to add a finalizer to a ForeignPtr created with
186 -- mallocPlainForeignPtr. This is useful for ForeignPtrs that will live
187 -- only inside Haskell (such as those created for packed strings).
188 -- Attempts to add a finalizer to a ForeignPtr created this way, or to
189 -- finalize such a pointer, will throw an exception.
191 mallocPlainForeignPtr :: Storable a => IO (ForeignPtr a)
192 mallocPlainForeignPtr = doMalloc undefined
193 where doMalloc :: Storable b => b -> IO (ForeignPtr b)
195 | I# size < 0 = error "mallocForeignPtr: size must be >= 0"
196 | otherwise = IO $ \s ->
197 case newAlignedPinnedByteArray# size align s of { (# s', mbarr# #) ->
198 (# s', ForeignPtr (byteArrayContents# (unsafeCoerce# mbarr#))
201 where !(I# size) = sizeOf a
202 !(I# align) = alignment a
204 -- | This function is similar to 'mallocForeignPtrBytes', except that
205 -- the internally an optimised ForeignPtr representation with no
206 -- finalizer is used. Attempts to add a finalizer will cause an
207 -- exception to be thrown.
208 mallocPlainForeignPtrBytes :: Int -> IO (ForeignPtr a)
209 mallocPlainForeignPtrBytes size | size < 0 =
210 error "mallocPlainForeignPtrBytes: size must be >= 0"
211 mallocPlainForeignPtrBytes (I# size) = IO $ \s ->
212 case newPinnedByteArray# size s of { (# s', mbarr# #) ->
213 (# s', ForeignPtr (byteArrayContents# (unsafeCoerce# mbarr#))
217 addForeignPtrFinalizer :: FinalizerPtr a -> ForeignPtr a -> IO ()
218 -- ^This function adds a finalizer to the given foreign object. The
219 -- finalizer will run /before/ all other finalizers for the same
220 -- object which have already been registered.
221 addForeignPtrFinalizer (FunPtr fp) (ForeignPtr p c) = case c of
222 PlainForeignPtr r -> f r >> return ()
223 MallocPtr _ r -> f r >> return ()
224 _ -> error "GHC.ForeignPtr: attempt to add a finalizer to a plain pointer"
227 noMixing CFinalizers r $
229 case r of { IORef (STRef r#) ->
230 case mkWeakForeignEnv# r# () fp p 0# nullAddr# s of { (# s1, w #) ->
231 (# s1, finalizeForeign w #) }}
233 addForeignPtrFinalizerEnv ::
234 FinalizerEnvPtr env a -> Ptr env -> ForeignPtr a -> IO ()
235 -- ^ Like 'addForeignPtrFinalizerEnv' but allows the finalizer to be
236 -- passed an additional environment parameter to be passed to the
237 -- finalizer. The environment passed to the finalizer is fixed by the
238 -- second argument to 'addForeignPtrFinalizerEnv'
239 addForeignPtrFinalizerEnv (FunPtr fp) (Ptr ep) (ForeignPtr p c) = case c of
240 PlainForeignPtr r -> f r >> return ()
241 MallocPtr _ r -> f r >> return ()
242 _ -> error "GHC.ForeignPtr: attempt to add a finalizer to a plain pointer"
245 noMixing CFinalizers r $
247 case r of { IORef (STRef r#) ->
248 case mkWeakForeignEnv# r# () fp p 1# ep s of { (# s1, w #) ->
249 (# s1, finalizeForeign w #) }}
251 finalizeForeign :: Weak# () -> IO ()
252 finalizeForeign w = IO $ \s ->
253 case finalizeWeak# w s of
254 (# s1, 0#, _ #) -> (# s1, () #)
255 (# s1, _ , f #) -> f s1
257 addForeignPtrConcFinalizer :: ForeignPtr a -> IO () -> IO ()
258 -- ^This function adds a finalizer to the given @ForeignPtr@. The
259 -- finalizer will run /before/ all other finalizers for the same
260 -- object which have already been registered.
262 -- This is a variant of @addForeignPtrFinalizer@, where the finalizer
263 -- is an arbitrary @IO@ action. When it is invoked, the finalizer
264 -- will run in a new thread.
266 -- NB. Be very careful with these finalizers. One common trap is that
267 -- if a finalizer references another finalized value, it does not
268 -- prevent that value from being finalized. In particular, 'Handle's
269 -- are finalized objects, so a finalizer should not refer to a 'Handle'
270 -- (including @stdout@, @stdin@ or @stderr@).
272 addForeignPtrConcFinalizer (ForeignPtr _ c) finalizer =
273 addForeignPtrConcFinalizer_ c finalizer
275 addForeignPtrConcFinalizer_ :: ForeignPtrContents -> IO () -> IO ()
276 addForeignPtrConcFinalizer_ (PlainForeignPtr r) finalizer = do
277 noFinalizers <- noMixing HaskellFinalizers r (return finalizer)
280 case r of { IORef (STRef r#) ->
281 case mkWeak# r# () (foreignPtrFinalizer r) s of { (# s1, _ #) ->
284 addForeignPtrConcFinalizer_ f@(MallocPtr fo r) finalizer = do
285 noFinalizers <- noMixing HaskellFinalizers r (return finalizer)
288 case mkWeak# fo () (do foreignPtrFinalizer r; touch f) s of
289 (# s1, _ #) -> (# s1, () #)
292 addForeignPtrConcFinalizer_ _ _ =
293 error "GHC.ForeignPtr: attempt to add a finalizer to plain pointer"
296 Finalizers -> IORef (Finalizers, [IO ()]) -> IO (IO ()) -> IO Bool
297 noMixing ftype0 r mkF = do
298 (ftype, fs) <- readIORef r
299 if ftype /= NoFinalizers && ftype /= ftype0
300 then error ("GHC.ForeignPtr: attempt to mix Haskell and C finalizers " ++
301 "in the same ForeignPtr")
304 writeIORef r (ftype0, f : fs)
307 foreignPtrFinalizer :: IORef (Finalizers, [IO ()]) -> IO ()
308 foreignPtrFinalizer r = do (_, fs) <- readIORef r; sequence_ fs
310 newForeignPtr_ :: Ptr a -> IO (ForeignPtr a)
311 -- ^Turns a plain memory reference into a foreign pointer that may be
312 -- associated with finalizers by using 'addForeignPtrFinalizer'.
313 newForeignPtr_ (Ptr obj) = do
314 r <- newIORef (NoFinalizers, [])
315 return (ForeignPtr obj (PlainForeignPtr r))
317 touchForeignPtr :: ForeignPtr a -> IO ()
318 -- ^This function ensures that the foreign object in
319 -- question is alive at the given place in the sequence of IO
320 -- actions. In particular 'Foreign.ForeignPtr.withForeignPtr'
321 -- does a 'touchForeignPtr' after it
322 -- executes the user action.
324 -- Note that this function should not be used to express dependencies
325 -- between finalizers on 'ForeignPtr's. For example, if the finalizer
326 -- for a 'ForeignPtr' @F1@ calls 'touchForeignPtr' on a second
327 -- 'ForeignPtr' @F2@, then the only guarantee is that the finalizer
328 -- for @F2@ is never started before the finalizer for @F1@. They
329 -- might be started together if for example both @F1@ and @F2@ are
330 -- otherwise unreachable, and in that case the scheduler might end up
331 -- running the finalizer for @F2@ first.
333 -- In general, it is not recommended to use finalizers on separate
334 -- objects with ordering constraints between them. To express the
335 -- ordering robustly requires explicit synchronisation using @MVar@s
336 -- between the finalizers, but even then the runtime sometimes runs
337 -- multiple finalizers sequentially in a single thread (for
338 -- performance reasons), so synchronisation between finalizers could
339 -- result in artificial deadlock. Another alternative is to use
340 -- explicit reference counting.
342 touchForeignPtr (ForeignPtr _ r) = touch r
344 touch :: ForeignPtrContents -> IO ()
345 touch r = IO $ \s -> case touch# r s of s' -> (# s', () #)
347 unsafeForeignPtrToPtr :: ForeignPtr a -> Ptr a
348 -- ^This function extracts the pointer component of a foreign
349 -- pointer. This is a potentially dangerous operations, as if the
350 -- argument to 'unsafeForeignPtrToPtr' is the last usage
351 -- occurrence of the given foreign pointer, then its finalizer(s) will
352 -- be run, which potentially invalidates the plain pointer just
353 -- obtained. Hence, 'touchForeignPtr' must be used
354 -- wherever it has to be guaranteed that the pointer lives on - i.e.,
355 -- has another usage occurrence.
357 -- To avoid subtle coding errors, hand written marshalling code
358 -- should preferably use 'Foreign.ForeignPtr.withForeignPtr' rather
359 -- than combinations of 'unsafeForeignPtrToPtr' and
360 -- 'touchForeignPtr'. However, the latter routines
361 -- are occasionally preferred in tool generated marshalling code.
362 unsafeForeignPtrToPtr (ForeignPtr fo _) = Ptr fo
364 castForeignPtr :: ForeignPtr a -> ForeignPtr b
365 -- ^This function casts a 'ForeignPtr'
366 -- parameterised by one type into another type.
367 castForeignPtr f = unsafeCoerce# f
369 -- | Causes the finalizers associated with a foreign pointer to be run
371 finalizeForeignPtr :: ForeignPtr a -> IO ()
372 finalizeForeignPtr (ForeignPtr _ (PlainPtr _)) = return () -- no effect
373 finalizeForeignPtr (ForeignPtr _ foreignPtr) = do
374 (ftype, finalizers) <- readIORef refFinalizers
376 writeIORef refFinalizers (ftype, [])
378 refFinalizers = case foreignPtr of
379 (PlainForeignPtr ref) -> ref
380 (MallocPtr _ ref) -> ref
382 error "finalizeForeignPtr PlainPtr"