2 {-# OPTIONS_GHC -fno-implicit-prelude #-}
3 -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
6 -- Copyright : (c) The University of Glasgow 1994-2002
7 -- License : see libraries/base/LICENSE
9 -- Maintainer : cvs-ghc@haskell.org
10 -- Stability : internal
11 -- Portability : non-portable (GHC Extensions)
13 -- Definitions for the 'IO' monad and its friends.
15 -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
19 IO(..), unIO, failIO, liftIO, bindIO, thenIO, returnIO,
20 unsafePerformIO, unsafeInterleaveIO,
22 -- To and from from ST
23 stToIO, ioToST, unsafeIOToST, unsafeSTToIO,
26 IORef(..), newIORef, readIORef, writeIORef,
27 IOArray(..), newIOArray, readIOArray, writeIOArray, unsafeReadIOArray, unsafeWriteIOArray,
30 -- Handles, file descriptors,
32 Handle(..), Handle__(..), HandleType(..), IOMode(..), FD,
33 isReadableHandleType, isWritableHandleType, isReadWriteHandleType, showHandle,
36 Buffer(..), RawBuffer, BufferState(..), BufferList(..), BufferMode(..),
37 bufferIsWritable, bufferEmpty, bufferFull,
40 Exception(..), ArithException(..), AsyncException(..), ArrayException(..),
41 stackOverflow, heapOverflow, throw, throwIO, ioException,
42 IOError, IOException(..), IOErrorType(..), ioError, userError,
47 import GHC.Arr -- to derive Ix class
48 import GHC.Enum -- to derive Enum class
51 -- import GHC.Num -- To get fromInteger etc, needed because of -fno-implicit-prelude
52 import Data.Maybe ( Maybe(..) )
58 import {-# SOURCE #-} GHC.Dynamic
61 -- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
65 The IO Monad is just an instance of the ST monad, where the state is
66 the real world. We use the exception mechanism (in GHC.Exception) to
67 implement IO exceptions.
69 NOTE: The IO representation is deeply wired in to various parts of the
70 system. The following list may or may not be exhaustive:
72 Compiler - types of various primitives in PrimOp.lhs
74 RTS - forceIO (StgMiscClosures.hc)
75 - catchzh_fast, (un)?blockAsyncExceptionszh_fast, raisezh_fast
77 - raiseAsync (Schedule.c)
79 Prelude - GHC.IOBase.lhs, and several other places including
82 Libraries - parts of hslibs/lang.
88 A value of type @'IO' a@ is a computation which, when performed,
89 does some I\/O before returning a value of type @a@.
91 There is really only one way to \"perform\" an I\/O action: bind it to
92 @Main.main@ in your program. When your program is run, the I\/O will
93 be performed. It isn't possible to perform I\/O from an arbitrary
94 function, unless that function is itself in the 'IO' monad and called
95 at some point, directly or indirectly, from @Main.main@.
97 'IO' is a monad, so 'IO' actions can be combined using either the do-notation
98 or the '>>' and '>>=' operations from the 'Monad' class.
100 newtype IO a = IO (State# RealWorld -> (# State# RealWorld, a #))
102 unIO :: IO a -> (State# RealWorld -> (# State# RealWorld, a #))
105 instance Functor IO where
106 fmap f x = x >>= (return . f)
108 instance Monad IO where
109 {-# INLINE return #-}
112 m >> k = m >>= \ _ -> k
113 return x = returnIO x
118 failIO :: String -> IO a
119 failIO s = ioError (userError s)
121 liftIO :: IO a -> State# RealWorld -> STret RealWorld a
122 liftIO (IO m) = \s -> case m s of (# s', r #) -> STret s' r
124 bindIO :: IO a -> (a -> IO b) -> IO b
125 bindIO (IO m) k = IO ( \ s ->
127 (# new_s, a #) -> unIO (k a) new_s
130 thenIO :: IO a -> IO b -> IO b
131 thenIO (IO m) k = IO ( \ s ->
133 (# new_s, a #) -> unIO k new_s
136 returnIO :: a -> IO a
137 returnIO x = IO (\ s -> (# s, x #))
139 -- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
140 -- Coercions between IO and ST
142 -- | A monad transformer embedding strict state transformers in the 'IO'
143 -- monad. The 'RealWorld' parameter indicates that the internal state
144 -- used by the 'ST' computation is a special one supplied by the 'IO'
145 -- monad, and thus distinct from those used by invocations of 'runST'.
146 stToIO :: ST RealWorld a -> IO a
149 ioToST :: IO a -> ST RealWorld a
150 ioToST (IO m) = (ST m)
152 -- This relies on IO and ST having the same representation modulo the
153 -- constraint on the type of the state
155 unsafeIOToST :: IO a -> ST s a
156 unsafeIOToST (IO io) = ST $ \ s -> (unsafeCoerce# io) s
158 unsafeSTToIO :: ST s a -> IO a
159 unsafeSTToIO (ST m) = IO (unsafeCoerce# m)
161 -- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
162 -- Unsafe IO operations
165 This is the \"back door\" into the 'IO' monad, allowing
166 'IO' computation to be performed at any time. For
167 this to be safe, the 'IO' computation should be
168 free of side effects and independent of its environment.
170 If the I\/O computation wrapped in 'unsafePerformIO'
171 performs side effects, then the relative order in which those side
172 effects take place (relative to the main I\/O trunk, or other calls to
173 'unsafePerformIO') is indeterminate. You have to be careful when
174 writing and compiling modules that use 'unsafePerformIO':
176 * Use @{\-\# NOINLINE foo \#-\}@ as a pragma on any function @foo@
177 that calls 'unsafePerformIO'. If the call is inlined,
178 the I\/O may be performed more than once.
180 * Use the compiler flag @-fno-cse@ to prevent common sub-expression
181 elimination being performed on the module, which might combine
182 two side effects that were meant to be separate. A good example
183 is using multiple global variables (like @test@ in the example below).
185 * Make sure that the either you switch off let-floating, or that the
186 call to 'unsafePerformIO' cannot float outside a lambda. For example,
189 f x = unsafePerformIO (newIORef [])
191 you may get only one reference cell shared between all calls to @f@.
194 f x = unsafePerformIO (newIORef [x])
196 because now it can't float outside the lambda.
198 It is less well known that
199 'unsafePerformIO' is not type safe. For example:
202 > test = unsafePerformIO $ newIORef []
205 > writeIORef test [42]
206 > bang <- readIORef test
207 > print (bang :: [Char])
209 This program will core dump. This problem with polymorphic references
210 is well known in the ML community, and does not arise with normal
211 monadic use of references. There is no easy way to make it impossible
212 once you use 'unsafePerformIO'. Indeed, it is
213 possible to write @coerce :: a -> b@ with the
214 help of 'unsafePerformIO'. So be careful!
216 {-# NOINLINE unsafePerformIO #-}
217 unsafePerformIO :: IO a -> a
218 unsafePerformIO (IO m) = lazy (case m realWorld# of (# _, r #) -> r)
220 -- Why do we NOINLINE unsafePerformIO? See the comment with
221 -- GHC.ST.runST. Essentially the issue is that the IO computation
222 -- inside unsafePerformIO must be atomic: it must either all run, or
223 -- not at all. If we let the compiler see the application of the IO
224 -- to realWorld#, it might float out part of the IO.
226 -- Why is there a call to 'lazy' in unsafePerformIO?
227 -- If we don't have it, the demand analyser discovers the following strictness
228 -- for unsafePerformIO: C(U(AV))
230 -- unsafePerformIO (\s -> let r = f x in
231 -- case writeIORef v r s of (# s1, _ #) ->
233 -- The strictness analyser will find that the binding for r is strict,
234 -- (becuase of uPIO's strictness sig), and so it'll evaluate it before
235 -- doing the writeIORef. This actually makes tests/lib/should_run/memo002
238 -- Solution: don't expose the strictness of unsafePerformIO,
239 -- by hiding it with 'lazy'
243 'unsafeInterleaveIO' allows 'IO' computation to be deferred lazily.
244 When passed a value of type @IO a@, the 'IO' will only be performed
245 when the value of the @a@ is demanded. This is used to implement lazy
246 file reading, see 'System.IO.hGetContents'.
248 {-# INLINE unsafeInterleaveIO #-}
249 unsafeInterleaveIO :: IO a -> IO a
250 unsafeInterleaveIO (IO m)
252 r = case m s of (# _, res #) -> res
256 -- We believe that INLINE on unsafeInterleaveIO is safe, because the
257 -- state from this IO thread is passed explicitly to the interleaved
258 -- IO, so it cannot be floated out and shared.
260 -- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
263 data MVar a = MVar (MVar# RealWorld a)
265 An 'MVar' (pronounced \"em-var\") is a synchronising variable, used
266 for communication between concurrent threads. It can be thought of
267 as a a box, which may be empty or full.
270 -- pull in Eq (Mvar a) too, to avoid GHC.Conc being an orphan-instance module
271 instance Eq (MVar a) where
272 (MVar mvar1#) == (MVar mvar2#) = sameMVar# mvar1# mvar2#
274 -- A Handle is represented by (a reference to) a record
275 -- containing the state of the I/O port/device. We record
276 -- the following pieces of info:
278 -- * type (read,write,closed etc.)
279 -- * the underlying file descriptor
281 -- * buffer, and spare buffers
282 -- * user-friendly name (usually the
283 -- FilePath used when IO.openFile was called)
285 -- Note: when a Handle is garbage collected, we want to flush its buffer
286 -- and close the OS file handle, so as to free up a (precious) resource.
288 -- | Haskell defines operations to read and write characters from and to files,
289 -- represented by values of type @Handle@. Each value of this type is a
290 -- /handle/: a record used by the Haskell run-time system to /manage/ I\/O
291 -- with file system objects. A handle has at least the following properties:
293 -- * whether it manages input or output or both;
295 -- * whether it is /open/, /closed/ or /semi-closed/;
297 -- * whether the object is seekable;
299 -- * whether buffering is disabled, or enabled on a line or block basis;
301 -- * a buffer (whose length may be zero).
303 -- Most handles will also have a current I\/O position indicating where the next
304 -- input or output operation will occur. A handle is /readable/ if it
305 -- manages only input or both input and output; likewise, it is /writable/ if
306 -- it manages only output or both input and output. A handle is /open/ when
308 -- Once it is closed it can no longer be used for either input or output,
309 -- though an implementation cannot re-use its storage while references
310 -- remain to it. Handles are in the 'Show' and 'Eq' classes. The string
311 -- produced by showing a handle is system dependent; it should include
312 -- enough information to identify the handle for debugging. A handle is
313 -- equal according to '==' only to itself; no attempt
314 -- is made to compare the internal state of different handles for equality.
316 -- GHC note: a 'Handle' will be automatically closed when the garbage
317 -- collector detects that it has become unreferenced by the program.
318 -- However, relying on this behaviour is not generally recommended:
319 -- the garbage collector is unpredictable. If possible, use explicit
320 -- an explicit 'hClose' to close 'Handle's when they are no longer
321 -- required. GHC does not currently attempt to free up file
322 -- descriptors when they have run out, it is your responsibility to
323 -- ensure that this doesn't happen.
326 = FileHandle -- A normal handle to a file
327 FilePath -- the file (invariant)
330 | DuplexHandle -- A handle to a read/write stream
331 FilePath -- file for a FIFO, otherwise some
332 -- descriptive string.
333 !(MVar Handle__) -- The read side
334 !(MVar Handle__) -- The write side
337 -- * A 'FileHandle' is seekable. A 'DuplexHandle' may or may not be
340 instance Eq Handle where
341 (FileHandle _ h1) == (FileHandle _ h2) = h1 == h2
342 (DuplexHandle _ h1 _) == (DuplexHandle _ h2 _) = h1 == h2
345 type FD = Int -- XXX ToDo: should be CInt
349 haFD :: !FD, -- file descriptor
350 haType :: HandleType, -- type (read/write/append etc.)
351 haIsBin :: Bool, -- binary mode?
352 haIsStream :: Bool, -- is this a stream handle?
353 haBufferMode :: BufferMode, -- buffer contains read/write data?
354 haBuffer :: !(IORef Buffer), -- the current buffer
355 haBuffers :: !(IORef BufferList), -- spare buffers
356 haOtherSide :: Maybe (MVar Handle__) -- ptr to the write side of a
360 -- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
363 -- The buffer is represented by a mutable variable containing a
364 -- record, where the record contains the raw buffer and the start/end
365 -- points of the filled portion. We use a mutable variable so that
366 -- the common operation of writing (or reading) some data from (to)
367 -- the buffer doesn't need to modify, and hence copy, the handle
368 -- itself, it just updates the buffer.
370 -- There will be some allocation involved in a simple hPutChar in
371 -- order to create the new Buffer structure (below), but this is
372 -- relatively small, and this only has to be done once per write
375 -- The buffer contains its size - we could also get the size by
376 -- calling sizeOfMutableByteArray# on the raw buffer, but that tends
377 -- to be rounded up to the nearest Word.
379 type RawBuffer = MutableByteArray# RealWorld
381 -- INVARIANTS on a Buffer:
383 -- * A handle *always* has a buffer, even if it is only 1 character long
384 -- (an unbuffered handle needs a 1 character buffer in order to support
385 -- hLookAhead and hIsEOF).
387 -- * if r == w, then r == 0 && w == 0
388 -- * if state == WriteBuffer, then r == 0
389 -- * a write buffer is never full. If an operation
390 -- fills up the buffer, it will always flush it before
392 -- * a read buffer may be full as a result of hLookAhead. In normal
393 -- operation, a read buffer always has at least one character of space.
401 bufState :: BufferState
404 data BufferState = ReadBuffer | WriteBuffer deriving (Eq)
406 -- we keep a few spare buffers around in a handle to avoid allocating
407 -- a new one for each hPutStr. These buffers are *guaranteed* to be the
408 -- same size as the main buffer.
411 | BufferListCons RawBuffer BufferList
414 bufferIsWritable :: Buffer -> Bool
415 bufferIsWritable Buffer{ bufState=WriteBuffer } = True
416 bufferIsWritable _other = False
418 bufferEmpty :: Buffer -> Bool
419 bufferEmpty Buffer{ bufRPtr=r, bufWPtr=w } = r == w
421 -- only makes sense for a write buffer
422 bufferFull :: Buffer -> Bool
423 bufferFull b@Buffer{ bufWPtr=w } = w >= bufSize b
425 -- Internally, we classify handles as being one
436 isReadableHandleType ReadHandle = True
437 isReadableHandleType ReadWriteHandle = True
438 isReadableHandleType _ = False
440 isWritableHandleType AppendHandle = True
441 isWritableHandleType WriteHandle = True
442 isWritableHandleType ReadWriteHandle = True
443 isWritableHandleType _ = False
445 isReadWriteHandleType ReadWriteHandle{} = True
446 isReadWriteHandleType _ = False
448 -- | File and directory names are values of type 'String', whose precise
449 -- meaning is operating system dependent. Files can be opened, yielding a
450 -- handle which can then be used to operate on the contents of that file.
452 type FilePath = String
454 -- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
457 -- | Three kinds of buffering are supported: line-buffering,
458 -- block-buffering or no-buffering. These modes have the following
459 -- effects. For output, items are written out, or /flushed/,
460 -- from the internal buffer according to the buffer mode:
462 -- * /line-buffering/: the entire output buffer is flushed
463 -- whenever a newline is output, the buffer overflows,
464 -- a 'System.IO.hFlush' is issued, or the handle is closed.
466 -- * /block-buffering/: the entire buffer is written out whenever it
467 -- overflows, a 'System.IO.hFlush' is issued, or the handle is closed.
469 -- * /no-buffering/: output is written immediately, and never stored
472 -- An implementation is free to flush the buffer more frequently,
473 -- but not less frequently, than specified above.
474 -- The output buffer is emptied as soon as it has been written out.
476 -- Similarly, input occurs according to the buffer mode for the handle:
478 -- * /line-buffering/: when the buffer for the handle is not empty,
479 -- the next item is obtained from the buffer; otherwise, when the
480 -- buffer is empty, characters up to and including the next newline
481 -- character are read into the buffer. No characters are available
482 -- until the newline character is available or the buffer is full.
484 -- * /block-buffering/: when the buffer for the handle becomes empty,
485 -- the next block of data is read into the buffer.
487 -- * /no-buffering/: the next input item is read and returned.
488 -- The 'System.IO.hLookAhead' operation implies that even a no-buffered
489 -- handle may require a one-character buffer.
491 -- The default buffering mode when a handle is opened is
492 -- implementation-dependent and may depend on the file system object
493 -- which is attached to that handle.
494 -- For most implementations, physical files will normally be block-buffered
495 -- and terminals will normally be line-buffered.
498 = NoBuffering -- ^ buffering is disabled if possible.
500 -- ^ line-buffering should be enabled if possible.
501 | BlockBuffering (Maybe Int)
502 -- ^ block-buffering should be enabled if possible.
503 -- The size of the buffer is @n@ items if the argument
504 -- is 'Just' @n@ and is otherwise implementation-dependent.
505 deriving (Eq, Ord, Read, Show)
507 -- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
510 -- |A mutable variable in the 'IO' monad
511 newtype IORef a = IORef (STRef RealWorld a)
513 -- explicit instance because Haddock can't figure out a derived one
514 instance Eq (IORef a) where
515 IORef x == IORef y = x == y
517 -- |Build a new 'IORef'
518 newIORef :: a -> IO (IORef a)
519 newIORef v = stToIO (newSTRef v) >>= \ var -> return (IORef var)
521 -- |Read the value of an 'IORef'
522 readIORef :: IORef a -> IO a
523 readIORef (IORef var) = stToIO (readSTRef var)
525 -- |Write a new value into an 'IORef'
526 writeIORef :: IORef a -> a -> IO ()
527 writeIORef (IORef var) v = stToIO (writeSTRef var v)
529 -- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
530 -- | An 'IOArray' is a mutable, boxed, non-strict array in the 'IO' monad.
531 -- The type arguments are as follows:
533 -- * @i@: the index type of the array (should be an instance of 'Ix')
535 -- * @e@: the element type of the array.
539 newtype IOArray i e = IOArray (STArray RealWorld i e)
541 -- explicit instance because Haddock can't figure out a derived one
542 instance Eq (IOArray i e) where
543 IOArray x == IOArray y = x == y
545 -- |Build a new 'IOArray'
546 newIOArray :: Ix i => (i,i) -> e -> IO (IOArray i e)
547 {-# INLINE newIOArray #-}
548 newIOArray lu init = stToIO $ do {marr <- newSTArray lu init; return (IOArray marr)}
550 -- | Read a value from an 'IOArray'
551 unsafeReadIOArray :: Ix i => IOArray i e -> Int -> IO e
552 {-# INLINE unsafeReadIOArray #-}
553 unsafeReadIOArray (IOArray marr) i = stToIO (unsafeReadSTArray marr i)
555 -- | Write a new value into an 'IOArray'
556 unsafeWriteIOArray :: Ix i => IOArray i e -> Int -> e -> IO ()
557 {-# INLINE unsafeWriteIOArray #-}
558 unsafeWriteIOArray (IOArray marr) i e = stToIO (unsafeWriteSTArray marr i e)
560 -- | Read a value from an 'IOArray'
561 readIOArray :: Ix i => IOArray i e -> i -> IO e
562 readIOArray (IOArray marr) i = stToIO (readSTArray marr i)
564 -- | Write a new value into an 'IOArray'
565 writeIOArray :: Ix i => IOArray i e -> i -> e -> IO ()
566 writeIOArray (IOArray marr) i e = stToIO (writeSTArray marr i e)
569 -- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
570 -- Show instance for Handles
572 -- handle types are 'show'n when printing error msgs, so
573 -- we provide a more user-friendly Show instance for it
574 -- than the derived one.
576 instance Show HandleType where
579 ClosedHandle -> showString "closed"
580 SemiClosedHandle -> showString "semi-closed"
581 ReadHandle -> showString "readable"
582 WriteHandle -> showString "writable"
583 AppendHandle -> showString "writable (append)"
584 ReadWriteHandle -> showString "read-writable"
586 instance Show Handle where
587 showsPrec p (FileHandle file _) = showHandle file
588 showsPrec p (DuplexHandle file _ _) = showHandle file
590 showHandle file = showString "{handle: " . showString file . showString "}"
592 -- ------------------------------------------------------------------------
593 -- Exception datatype and operations
595 -- |The type of exceptions. Every kind of system-generated exception
596 -- has a constructor in the 'Exception' type, and values of other
597 -- types may be injected into 'Exception' by coercing them to
598 -- 'Data.Dynamic.Dynamic' (see the section on Dynamic Exceptions:
599 -- "Control.Exception\#DynamicExceptions").
601 = ArithException ArithException
602 -- ^Exceptions raised by arithmetic
603 -- operations. (NOTE: GHC currently does not throw
604 -- 'ArithException's except for 'DivideByZero').
605 | ArrayException ArrayException
606 -- ^Exceptions raised by array-related
607 -- operations. (NOTE: GHC currently does not throw
608 -- 'ArrayException's).
609 | AssertionFailed String
610 -- ^This exception is thrown by the
611 -- 'assert' operation when the condition
612 -- fails. The 'String' argument contains the
613 -- location of the assertion in the source program.
614 | AsyncException AsyncException
615 -- ^Asynchronous exceptions (see section on Asynchronous Exceptions: "Control.Exception\#AsynchronousExceptions").
617 -- ^The current thread was executing a call to
618 -- 'Control.Concurrent.MVar.takeMVar' that could never return,
619 -- because there are no other references to this 'MVar'.
620 | BlockedIndefinitely
621 -- ^The current thread was waiting to retry an atomic memory transaction
622 -- that could never become possible to complete because there are no other
623 -- threads referring to any of teh TVars involved.
625 -- ^The runtime detected an attempt to nest one STM transaction
626 -- inside another one, presumably due to the use of
627 -- 'unsafePeformIO' with 'atomically'.
629 -- ^There are no runnable threads, so the program is
630 -- deadlocked. The 'Deadlock' exception is
631 -- raised in the main thread only (see also: "Control.Concurrent").
632 | DynException Dynamic
633 -- ^Dynamically typed exceptions (see section on Dynamic Exceptions: "Control.Exception\#DynamicExceptions").
635 -- ^The 'ErrorCall' exception is thrown by 'error'. The 'String'
636 -- argument of 'ErrorCall' is the string passed to 'error' when it was
638 | ExitException ExitCode
639 -- ^The 'ExitException' exception is thrown by 'System.Exit.exitWith' (and
640 -- 'System.Exit.exitFailure'). The 'ExitCode' argument is the value passed
641 -- to 'System.Exit.exitWith'. An unhandled 'ExitException' exception in the
642 -- main thread will cause the program to be terminated with the given
644 | IOException IOException
645 -- ^These are the standard IO exceptions generated by
646 -- Haskell\'s @IO@ operations. See also "System.IO.Error".
647 | NoMethodError String
648 -- ^An attempt was made to invoke a class method which has
649 -- no definition in this instance, and there was no default
650 -- definition given in the class declaration. GHC issues a
651 -- warning when you compile an instance which has missing
654 -- ^The current thread is stuck in an infinite loop. This
655 -- exception may or may not be thrown when the program is
657 | PatternMatchFail String
658 -- ^A pattern matching failure. The 'String' argument should contain a
659 -- descriptive message including the function name, source file
662 -- ^An attempt was made to evaluate a field of a record
663 -- for which no value was given at construction time. The
664 -- 'String' argument gives the location of the
665 -- record construction in the source program.
667 -- ^A field selection was attempted on a constructor that
668 -- doesn\'t have the requested field. This can happen with
669 -- multi-constructor records when one or more fields are
670 -- missing from some of the constructors. The
671 -- 'String' argument gives the location of the
672 -- record selection in the source program.
674 -- ^An attempt was made to update a field in a record,
675 -- where the record doesn\'t have the requested field. This can
676 -- only occur with multi-constructor records, when one or more
677 -- fields are missing from some of the constructors. The
678 -- 'String' argument gives the location of the
679 -- record update in the source program.
681 -- |The type of arithmetic exceptions
691 -- |Asynchronous exceptions
694 -- ^The current thread\'s stack exceeded its limit.
695 -- Since an exception has been raised, the thread\'s stack
696 -- will certainly be below its limit again, but the
697 -- programmer should take remedial action
700 -- ^The program\'s heap is reaching its limit, and
701 -- the program should take action to reduce the amount of
702 -- live data it has. Notes:
704 -- * It is undefined which thread receives this exception.
706 -- * GHC currently does not throw 'HeapOverflow' exceptions.
708 -- ^This exception is raised by another thread
709 -- calling 'Control.Concurrent.killThread', or by the system
710 -- if it needs to terminate the thread for some
714 -- | Exceptions generated by array operations
716 = IndexOutOfBounds String
717 -- ^An attempt was made to index an array outside
718 -- its declared bounds.
719 | UndefinedElement String
720 -- ^An attempt was made to evaluate an element of an
721 -- array that had not been initialized.
724 stackOverflow, heapOverflow :: Exception -- for the RTS
725 stackOverflow = AsyncException StackOverflow
726 heapOverflow = AsyncException HeapOverflow
728 instance Show ArithException where
729 showsPrec _ Overflow = showString "arithmetic overflow"
730 showsPrec _ Underflow = showString "arithmetic underflow"
731 showsPrec _ LossOfPrecision = showString "loss of precision"
732 showsPrec _ DivideByZero = showString "divide by zero"
733 showsPrec _ Denormal = showString "denormal"
735 instance Show AsyncException where
736 showsPrec _ StackOverflow = showString "stack overflow"
737 showsPrec _ HeapOverflow = showString "heap overflow"
738 showsPrec _ ThreadKilled = showString "thread killed"
740 instance Show ArrayException where
741 showsPrec _ (IndexOutOfBounds s)
742 = showString "array index out of range"
743 . (if not (null s) then showString ": " . showString s
745 showsPrec _ (UndefinedElement s)
746 = showString "undefined array element"
747 . (if not (null s) then showString ": " . showString s
750 instance Show Exception where
751 showsPrec _ (IOException err) = shows err
752 showsPrec _ (ArithException err) = shows err
753 showsPrec _ (ArrayException err) = shows err
754 showsPrec _ (ErrorCall err) = showString err
755 showsPrec _ (ExitException err) = showString "exit: " . shows err
756 showsPrec _ (NoMethodError err) = showString err
757 showsPrec _ (PatternMatchFail err) = showString err
758 showsPrec _ (RecSelError err) = showString err
759 showsPrec _ (RecConError err) = showString err
760 showsPrec _ (RecUpdError err) = showString err
761 showsPrec _ (AssertionFailed err) = showString err
762 showsPrec _ (DynException err) = showString "exception :: " . showsTypeRep (dynTypeRep err)
763 showsPrec _ (AsyncException e) = shows e
764 showsPrec _ (BlockedOnDeadMVar) = showString "thread blocked indefinitely"
765 showsPrec _ (BlockedIndefinitely) = showString "thread blocked indefinitely"
766 showsPrec _ (NestedAtomically) = showString "Control.Concurrent.STM.atomically was nested"
767 showsPrec _ (NonTermination) = showString "<<loop>>"
768 showsPrec _ (Deadlock) = showString "<<deadlock>>"
770 instance Eq Exception where
771 IOException e1 == IOException e2 = e1 == e2
772 ArithException e1 == ArithException e2 = e1 == e2
773 ArrayException e1 == ArrayException e2 = e1 == e2
774 ErrorCall e1 == ErrorCall e2 = e1 == e2
775 ExitException e1 == ExitException e2 = e1 == e2
776 NoMethodError e1 == NoMethodError e2 = e1 == e2
777 PatternMatchFail e1 == PatternMatchFail e2 = e1 == e2
778 RecSelError e1 == RecSelError e2 = e1 == e2
779 RecConError e1 == RecConError e2 = e1 == e2
780 RecUpdError e1 == RecUpdError e2 = e1 == e2
781 AssertionFailed e1 == AssertionFailed e2 = e1 == e2
782 DynException _ == DynException _ = False -- incomparable
783 AsyncException e1 == AsyncException e2 = e1 == e2
784 BlockedOnDeadMVar == BlockedOnDeadMVar = True
785 NonTermination == NonTermination = True
786 NestedAtomically == NestedAtomically = True
787 Deadlock == Deadlock = True
790 -- -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
793 -- We need it here because it is used in ExitException in the
794 -- Exception datatype (above).
797 = ExitSuccess -- ^ indicates successful termination;
799 -- ^ indicates program failure with an exit code.
800 -- The exact interpretation of the code is
801 -- operating-system dependent. In particular, some values
802 -- may be prohibited (e.g. 0 on a POSIX-compliant system).
803 deriving (Eq, Ord, Read, Show)
805 -- --------------------------------------------------------------------------
808 -- | Throw an exception. Exceptions may be thrown from purely
809 -- functional code, but may only be caught within the 'IO' monad.
810 throw :: Exception -> a
811 throw exception = raise# exception
813 -- | A variant of 'throw' that can be used within the 'IO' monad.
815 -- Although 'throwIO' has a type that is an instance of the type of 'throw', the
816 -- two functions are subtly different:
818 -- > throw e `seq` x ===> throw e
819 -- > throwIO e `seq` x ===> x
821 -- The first example will cause the exception @e@ to be raised,
822 -- whereas the second one won\'t. In fact, 'throwIO' will only cause
823 -- an exception to be raised when it is used within the 'IO' monad.
824 -- The 'throwIO' variant should be used in preference to 'throw' to
825 -- raise an exception within the 'IO' monad because it guarantees
826 -- ordering with respect to other 'IO' operations, whereas 'throw'
828 throwIO :: Exception -> IO a
829 throwIO err = IO $ raiseIO# err
831 ioException :: IOException -> IO a
832 ioException err = IO $ raiseIO# (IOException err)
834 -- | Raise an 'IOError' in the 'IO' monad.
835 ioError :: IOError -> IO a
836 ioError = ioException
838 -- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
841 -- | The Haskell 98 type for exceptions in the 'IO' monad.
842 -- Any I\/O operation may raise an 'IOError' instead of returning a result.
843 -- For a more general type of exception, including also those that arise
844 -- in pure code, see 'Control.Exception.Exception'.
846 -- In Haskell 98, this is an opaque type.
847 type IOError = IOException
849 -- |Exceptions that occur in the @IO@ monad.
850 -- An @IOException@ records a more specific error type, a descriptive
851 -- string and maybe the handle that was used when the error was
855 ioe_handle :: Maybe Handle, -- the handle used by the action flagging
857 ioe_type :: IOErrorType, -- what it was.
858 ioe_location :: String, -- location.
859 ioe_description :: String, -- error type specific information.
860 ioe_filename :: Maybe FilePath -- filename the error is related to.
863 instance Eq IOException where
864 (IOError h1 e1 loc1 str1 fn1) == (IOError h2 e2 loc2 str2 fn2) =
865 e1==e2 && str1==str2 && h1==h2 && loc1==loc2 && fn1==fn2
867 -- | An abstract type that contains a value for each variant of 'IOError'.
879 | UnsatisfiedConstraints
886 | UnsupportedOperation
890 | DynIOError Dynamic -- cheap&cheerful extensible IO error type.
892 instance Eq IOErrorType where
895 DynIOError{} -> False -- from a strictness POV, compatible with a derived Eq inst?
896 _ -> getTag x ==# getTag y
898 instance Show IOErrorType where
902 AlreadyExists -> "already exists"
903 NoSuchThing -> "does not exist"
904 ResourceBusy -> "resource busy"
905 ResourceExhausted -> "resource exhausted"
907 IllegalOperation -> "illegal operation"
908 PermissionDenied -> "permission denied"
909 UserError -> "user error"
910 HardwareFault -> "hardware fault"
911 InappropriateType -> "inappropriate type"
912 Interrupted -> "interrupted"
913 InvalidArgument -> "invalid argument"
914 OtherError -> "failed"
915 ProtocolError -> "protocol error"
916 ResourceVanished -> "resource vanished"
917 SystemError -> "system error"
918 TimeExpired -> "timeout"
919 UnsatisfiedConstraints -> "unsatisified constraints" -- ultra-precise!
920 UnsupportedOperation -> "unsupported operation"
921 DynIOError{} -> "unknown IO error"
923 -- | Construct an 'IOError' value with a string describing the error.
924 -- The 'fail' method of the 'IO' instance of the 'Monad' class raises a
925 -- 'userError', thus:
927 -- > instance Monad IO where
929 -- > fail s = ioError (userError s)
931 userError :: String -> IOError
932 userError str = IOError Nothing UserError "" str Nothing
934 -- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
937 instance Show IOException where
938 showsPrec p (IOError hdl iot loc s fn) =
940 Nothing -> case hdl of
942 Just h -> showsPrec p h . showString ": "
943 Just name -> showString name . showString ": ") .
946 _ -> showString loc . showString ": ") .
950 _ -> showString " (" . showString s . showString ")")
952 -- -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
955 data IOMode = ReadMode | WriteMode | AppendMode | ReadWriteMode
956 deriving (Eq, Ord, Ix, Enum, Read, Show)