2 {-# OPTIONS_GHC -fno-implicit-prelude #-}
3 -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
6 -- Copyright : (c) The University of Glasgow 1994-2002
7 -- License : see libraries/base/LICENSE
9 -- Maintainer : cvs-ghc@haskell.org
10 -- Stability : internal
11 -- Portability : non-portable (GHC Extensions)
13 -- Definitions for the 'IO' monad and its friends.
15 -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
17 module GHC.IOBase where
20 import GHC.Arr -- to derive Ix class
21 import GHC.Enum -- to derive Enum class
24 import GHC.Num -- To get fromInteger etc, needed because of -fno-implicit-prelude
25 import Data.Maybe ( Maybe(..) )
31 import {-# SOURCE #-} Data.Dynamic
34 -- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
38 The IO Monad is just an instance of the ST monad, where the state is
39 the real world. We use the exception mechanism (in GHC.Exception) to
40 implement IO exceptions.
42 NOTE: The IO representation is deeply wired in to various parts of the
43 system. The following list may or may not be exhaustive:
45 Compiler - types of various primitives in PrimOp.lhs
47 RTS - forceIO (StgMiscClosures.hc)
48 - catchzh_fast, (un)?blockAsyncExceptionszh_fast, raisezh_fast
50 - raiseAsync (Schedule.c)
52 Prelude - GHC.IOBase.lhs, and several other places including
55 Libraries - parts of hslibs/lang.
61 A value of type @'IO' a@ is a computation which, when performed,
62 does some I\/O before returning a value of type @a@.
64 There is really only one way to \"perform\" an I\/O action: bind it to
65 @Main.main@ in your program. When your program is run, the I\/O will
66 be performed. It isn't possible to perform I\/O from an arbitrary
67 function, unless that function is itself in the 'IO' monad and called
68 at some point, directly or indirectly, from @Main.main@.
70 'IO' is a monad, so 'IO' actions can be combined using either the do-notation
71 or the '>>' and '>>=' operations from the 'Monad' class.
73 newtype IO a = IO (State# RealWorld -> (# State# RealWorld, a #))
75 unIO :: IO a -> (State# RealWorld -> (# State# RealWorld, a #))
78 instance Functor IO where
79 fmap f x = x >>= (return . f)
81 instance Monad IO where
85 m >> k = m >>= \ _ -> k
91 failIO :: String -> IO a
92 failIO s = ioError (userError s)
94 liftIO :: IO a -> State# RealWorld -> STret RealWorld a
95 liftIO (IO m) = \s -> case m s of (# s', r #) -> STret s' r
97 bindIO :: IO a -> (a -> IO b) -> IO b
98 bindIO (IO m) k = IO ( \ s ->
100 (# new_s, a #) -> unIO (k a) new_s
103 thenIO :: IO a -> IO b -> IO b
104 thenIO (IO m) k = IO ( \ s ->
106 (# new_s, a #) -> unIO k new_s
109 returnIO :: a -> IO a
110 returnIO x = IO (\ s -> (# s, x #))
112 -- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
113 -- Coercions between IO and ST
115 -- | A monad transformer embedding strict state transformers in the 'IO'
116 -- monad. The 'RealWorld' parameter indicates that the internal state
117 -- used by the 'ST' computation is a special one supplied by the 'IO'
118 -- monad, and thus distinct from those used by invocations of 'runST'.
119 stToIO :: ST RealWorld a -> IO a
122 ioToST :: IO a -> ST RealWorld a
123 ioToST (IO m) = (ST m)
125 -- This relies on IO and ST having the same representation modulo the
126 -- constraint on the type of the state
128 unsafeIOToST :: IO a -> ST s a
129 unsafeIOToST (IO io) = ST $ \ s -> (unsafeCoerce# io) s
131 -- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
132 -- Unsafe IO operations
135 This is the \"back door\" into the 'IO' monad, allowing
136 'IO' computation to be performed at any time. For
137 this to be safe, the 'IO' computation should be
138 free of side effects and independent of its environment.
140 If the I\/O computation wrapped in 'unsafePerformIO'
141 performs side effects, then the relative order in which those side
142 effects take place (relative to the main I\/O trunk, or other calls to
143 'unsafePerformIO') is indeterminate. You have to be careful when
144 writing and compiling modules that use 'unsafePerformIO':
146 * Use @{\-\# NOINLINE foo \#-\}@ as a pragma on any function @foo@
147 that calls 'unsafePerformIO'. If the call is inlined,
148 the I\/O may be performed more than once.
150 * Use the compiler flag @-fno-cse@ to prevent common sub-expression
151 elimination being performed on the module, which might combine
152 two side effects that were meant to be separate. A good example
153 is using multiple global variables (like @test@ in the example below).
155 * Make sure that the either you switch off let-floating, or that the
156 call to 'unsafePerformIO' cannot float outside a lambda. For example,
159 f x = unsafePerformIO (newIORef [])
161 you may get only one reference cell shared between all calls to @f@.
164 f x = unsafePerformIO (newIORef [x])
166 because now it can't float outside the lambda.
168 It is less well known that
169 'unsafePerformIO' is not type safe. For example:
172 > test = unsafePerformIO $ newIORef []
175 > writeIORef test [42]
176 > bang <- readIORef test
177 > print (bang :: [Char])
179 This program will core dump. This problem with polymorphic references
180 is well known in the ML community, and does not arise with normal
181 monadic use of references. There is no easy way to make it impossible
182 once you use 'unsafePerformIO'. Indeed, it is
183 possible to write @coerce :: a -> b@ with the
184 help of 'unsafePerformIO'. So be careful!
186 {-# NOINLINE unsafePerformIO #-}
187 unsafePerformIO :: IO a -> a
188 unsafePerformIO (IO m) = case m realWorld# of (# _, r #) -> r
190 -- Why do we NOINLINE unsafePerformIO? See the comment with
191 -- GHC.ST.runST. Essentially the issue is that the IO computation
192 -- inside unsafePerformIO must be atomic: it must either all run, or
193 -- not at all. If we let the compiler see the application of the IO
194 -- to realWorld#, it might float out part of the IO.
197 'unsafeInterleaveIO' allows 'IO' computation to be deferred lazily.
198 When passed a value of type @IO a@, the 'IO' will only be performed
199 when the value of the @a@ is demanded. This is used to implement lazy
200 file reading, see 'System.IO.hGetContents'.
202 {-# INLINE unsafeInterleaveIO #-}
203 unsafeInterleaveIO :: IO a -> IO a
204 unsafeInterleaveIO (IO m)
206 r = case m s of (# _, res #) -> res
210 -- We believe that INLINE on unsafeInterleaveIO is safe, because the
211 -- state from this IO thread is passed explicitly to the interleaved
212 -- IO, so it cannot be floated out and shared.
214 -- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
217 data MVar a = MVar (MVar# RealWorld a)
219 An 'MVar' (pronounced \"em-var\") is a synchronising variable, used
220 for communication between concurrent threads. It can be thought of
221 as a a box, which may be empty or full.
224 -- pull in Eq (Mvar a) too, to avoid GHC.Conc being an orphan-instance module
225 instance Eq (MVar a) where
226 (MVar mvar1#) == (MVar mvar2#) = sameMVar# mvar1# mvar2#
228 -- A Handle is represented by (a reference to) a record
229 -- containing the state of the I/O port/device. We record
230 -- the following pieces of info:
232 -- * type (read,write,closed etc.)
233 -- * the underlying file descriptor
235 -- * buffer, and spare buffers
236 -- * user-friendly name (usually the
237 -- FilePath used when IO.openFile was called)
239 -- Note: when a Handle is garbage collected, we want to flush its buffer
240 -- and close the OS file handle, so as to free up a (precious) resource.
242 -- | Haskell defines operations to read and write characters from and to files,
243 -- represented by values of type @Handle@. Each value of this type is a
244 -- /handle/: a record used by the Haskell run-time system to /manage/ I\/O
245 -- with file system objects. A handle has at least the following properties:
247 -- * whether it manages input or output or both;
249 -- * whether it is /open/, /closed/ or /semi-closed/;
251 -- * whether the object is seekable;
253 -- * whether buffering is disabled, or enabled on a line or block basis;
255 -- * a buffer (whose length may be zero).
257 -- Most handles will also have a current I\/O position indicating where the next
258 -- input or output operation will occur. A handle is /readable/ if it
259 -- manages only input or both input and output; likewise, it is /writable/ if
260 -- it manages only output or both input and output. A handle is /open/ when
262 -- Once it is closed it can no longer be used for either input or output,
263 -- though an implementation cannot re-use its storage while references
264 -- remain to it. Handles are in the 'Show' and 'Eq' classes. The string
265 -- produced by showing a handle is system dependent; it should include
266 -- enough information to identify the handle for debugging. A handle is
267 -- equal according to '==' only to itself; no attempt
268 -- is made to compare the internal state of different handles for equality.
270 -- GHC note: a 'Handle' will be automatically closed when the garbage
271 -- collector detects that it has become unreferenced by the program.
272 -- However, relying on this behaviour is not generally recommended:
273 -- the garbage collector is unpredictable. If possible, use explicit
274 -- an explicit 'hClose' to close 'Handle's when they are no longer
275 -- required. GHC does not currently attempt to free up file
276 -- descriptors when they have run out, it is your responsibility to
277 -- ensure that this doesn't happen.
280 = FileHandle -- A normal handle to a file
281 FilePath -- the file (invariant)
284 | DuplexHandle -- A handle to a read/write stream
285 FilePath -- file for a FIFO, otherwise some
286 -- descriptive string.
287 !(MVar Handle__) -- The read side
288 !(MVar Handle__) -- The write side
291 -- * A 'FileHandle' is seekable. A 'DuplexHandle' may or may not be
294 instance Eq Handle where
295 (FileHandle _ h1) == (FileHandle _ h2) = h1 == h2
296 (DuplexHandle _ h1 _) == (DuplexHandle _ h2 _) = h1 == h2
299 type FD = Int -- XXX ToDo: should be CInt
303 haFD :: !FD, -- file descriptor
304 haType :: HandleType, -- type (read/write/append etc.)
305 haIsBin :: Bool, -- binary mode?
306 haIsStream :: Bool, -- is this a stream handle?
307 haBufferMode :: BufferMode, -- buffer contains read/write data?
308 haBuffer :: !(IORef Buffer), -- the current buffer
309 haBuffers :: !(IORef BufferList), -- spare buffers
310 haOtherSide :: Maybe (MVar Handle__) -- ptr to the write side of a
314 -- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
317 -- The buffer is represented by a mutable variable containing a
318 -- record, where the record contains the raw buffer and the start/end
319 -- points of the filled portion. We use a mutable variable so that
320 -- the common operation of writing (or reading) some data from (to)
321 -- the buffer doesn't need to modify, and hence copy, the handle
322 -- itself, it just updates the buffer.
324 -- There will be some allocation involved in a simple hPutChar in
325 -- order to create the new Buffer structure (below), but this is
326 -- relatively small, and this only has to be done once per write
329 -- The buffer contains its size - we could also get the size by
330 -- calling sizeOfMutableByteArray# on the raw buffer, but that tends
331 -- to be rounded up to the nearest Word.
333 type RawBuffer = MutableByteArray# RealWorld
335 -- INVARIANTS on a Buffer:
337 -- * A handle *always* has a buffer, even if it is only 1 character long
338 -- (an unbuffered handle needs a 1 character buffer in order to support
339 -- hLookAhead and hIsEOF).
341 -- * if r == w, then r == 0 && w == 0
342 -- * if state == WriteBuffer, then r == 0
343 -- * a write buffer is never full. If an operation
344 -- fills up the buffer, it will always flush it before
346 -- * a read buffer may be full as a result of hLookAhead. In normal
347 -- operation, a read buffer always has at least one character of space.
355 bufState :: BufferState
358 data BufferState = ReadBuffer | WriteBuffer deriving (Eq)
360 -- we keep a few spare buffers around in a handle to avoid allocating
361 -- a new one for each hPutStr. These buffers are *guaranteed* to be the
362 -- same size as the main buffer.
365 | BufferListCons RawBuffer BufferList
368 bufferIsWritable :: Buffer -> Bool
369 bufferIsWritable Buffer{ bufState=WriteBuffer } = True
370 bufferIsWritable _other = False
372 bufferEmpty :: Buffer -> Bool
373 bufferEmpty Buffer{ bufRPtr=r, bufWPtr=w } = r == w
375 -- only makes sense for a write buffer
376 bufferFull :: Buffer -> Bool
377 bufferFull b@Buffer{ bufWPtr=w } = w >= bufSize b
379 -- Internally, we classify handles as being one
390 isReadableHandleType ReadHandle = True
391 isReadableHandleType ReadWriteHandle = True
392 isReadableHandleType _ = False
394 isWritableHandleType AppendHandle = True
395 isWritableHandleType WriteHandle = True
396 isWritableHandleType ReadWriteHandle = True
397 isWritableHandleType _ = False
399 -- | File and directory names are values of type 'String', whose precise
400 -- meaning is operating system dependent. Files can be opened, yielding a
401 -- handle which can then be used to operate on the contents of that file.
403 type FilePath = String
405 -- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
408 -- | Three kinds of buffering are supported: line-buffering,
409 -- block-buffering or no-buffering. These modes have the following
410 -- effects. For output, items are written out, or /flushed/,
411 -- from the internal buffer according to the buffer mode:
413 -- * /line-buffering/: the entire output buffer is flushed
414 -- whenever a newline is output, the buffer overflows,
415 -- a 'System.IO.hFlush' is issued, or the handle is closed.
417 -- * /block-buffering/: the entire buffer is written out whenever it
418 -- overflows, a 'System.IO.hFlush' is issued, or the handle is closed.
420 -- * /no-buffering/: output is written immediately, and never stored
423 -- An implementation is free to flush the buffer more frequently,
424 -- but not less frequently, than specified above.
425 -- The output buffer is emptied as soon as it has been written out.
427 -- Similarly, input occurs according to the buffer mode for the handle:
429 -- * /line-buffering/: when the buffer for the handle is not empty,
430 -- the next item is obtained from the buffer; otherwise, when the
431 -- buffer is empty, characters up to and including the next newline
432 -- character are read into the buffer. No characters are available
433 -- until the newline character is available or the buffer is full.
435 -- * /block-buffering/: when the buffer for the handle becomes empty,
436 -- the next block of data is read into the buffer.
438 -- * /no-buffering/: the next input item is read and returned.
439 -- The 'System.IO.hLookAhead' operation implies that even a no-buffered
440 -- handle may require a one-character buffer.
442 -- The default buffering mode when a handle is opened is
443 -- implementation-dependent and may depend on the file system object
444 -- which is attached to that handle.
445 -- For most implementations, physical files will normally be block-buffered
446 -- and terminals will normally be line-buffered.
449 = NoBuffering -- ^ buffering is disabled if possible.
451 -- ^ line-buffering should be enabled if possible.
452 | BlockBuffering (Maybe Int)
453 -- ^ block-buffering should be enabled if possible.
454 -- The size of the buffer is @n@ items if the argument
455 -- is 'Just' @n@ and is otherwise implementation-dependent.
456 deriving (Eq, Ord, Read, Show)
458 -- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
461 -- |A mutable variable in the 'IO' monad
462 newtype IORef a = IORef (STRef RealWorld a)
464 -- explicit instance because Haddock can't figure out a derived one
465 instance Eq (IORef a) where
466 IORef x == IORef y = x == y
468 -- |Build a new 'IORef'
469 newIORef :: a -> IO (IORef a)
470 newIORef v = stToIO (newSTRef v) >>= \ var -> return (IORef var)
472 -- |Read the value of an 'IORef'
473 readIORef :: IORef a -> IO a
474 readIORef (IORef var) = stToIO (readSTRef var)
476 -- |Write a new value into an 'IORef'
477 writeIORef :: IORef a -> a -> IO ()
478 writeIORef (IORef var) v = stToIO (writeSTRef var v)
480 -- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
481 -- | An 'IOArray' is a mutable, boxed, non-strict array in the 'IO' monad.
482 -- The type arguments are as follows:
484 -- * @i@: the index type of the array (should be an instance of 'Ix')
486 -- * @e@: the element type of the array.
490 newtype IOArray i e = IOArray (STArray RealWorld i e)
492 -- explicit instance because Haddock can't figure out a derived one
493 instance Eq (IOArray i e) where
494 IOArray x == IOArray y = x == y
496 -- |Build a new 'IOArray'
497 newIOArray :: Ix i => (i,i) -> e -> IO (IOArray i e)
498 {-# INLINE newIOArray #-}
499 newIOArray lu init = stToIO $ do {marr <- newSTArray lu init; return (IOArray marr)}
501 -- | Read a value from an 'IOArray'
502 unsafeReadIOArray :: Ix i => IOArray i e -> Int -> IO e
503 {-# INLINE unsafeReadIOArray #-}
504 unsafeReadIOArray (IOArray marr) i = stToIO (unsafeReadSTArray marr i)
506 -- | Write a new value into an 'IOArray'
507 unsafeWriteIOArray :: Ix i => IOArray i e -> Int -> e -> IO ()
508 {-# INLINE unsafeWriteIOArray #-}
509 unsafeWriteIOArray (IOArray marr) i e = stToIO (unsafeWriteSTArray marr i e)
511 -- | Read a value from an 'IOArray'
512 readIOArray :: Ix i => IOArray i e -> i -> IO e
513 readIOArray (IOArray marr) i = stToIO (readSTArray marr i)
515 -- | Write a new value into an 'IOArray'
516 writeIOArray :: Ix i => IOArray i e -> i -> e -> IO ()
517 writeIOArray (IOArray marr) i e = stToIO (writeSTArray marr i e)
520 -- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
521 -- Show instance for Handles
523 -- handle types are 'show'n when printing error msgs, so
524 -- we provide a more user-friendly Show instance for it
525 -- than the derived one.
527 instance Show HandleType where
530 ClosedHandle -> showString "closed"
531 SemiClosedHandle -> showString "semi-closed"
532 ReadHandle -> showString "readable"
533 WriteHandle -> showString "writable"
534 AppendHandle -> showString "writable (append)"
535 ReadWriteHandle -> showString "read-writable"
537 instance Show Handle where
538 showsPrec p (FileHandle file _) = showHandle file
539 showsPrec p (DuplexHandle file _ _) = showHandle file
541 showHandle file = showString "{handle: " . showString file . showString "}"
543 -- ------------------------------------------------------------------------
544 -- Exception datatype and operations
546 -- |The type of exceptions. Every kind of system-generated exception
547 -- has a constructor in the 'Exception' type, and values of other
548 -- types may be injected into 'Exception' by coercing them to
549 -- 'Data.Dynamic.Dynamic' (see the section on Dynamic Exceptions:
550 -- "Control.Exception\#DynamicExceptions").
552 = ArithException ArithException
553 -- ^Exceptions raised by arithmetic
554 -- operations. (NOTE: GHC currently does not throw
555 -- 'ArithException's except for 'DivideByZero').
556 | ArrayException ArrayException
557 -- ^Exceptions raised by array-related
558 -- operations. (NOTE: GHC currently does not throw
559 -- 'ArrayException's).
560 | AssertionFailed String
561 -- ^This exception is thrown by the
562 -- 'assert' operation when the condition
563 -- fails. The 'String' argument contains the
564 -- location of the assertion in the source program.
565 | AsyncException AsyncException
566 -- ^Asynchronous exceptions (see section on Asynchronous Exceptions: "Control.Exception\#AsynchronousExceptions").
568 -- ^The current thread was executing a call to
569 -- 'Control.Concurrent.MVar.takeMVar' that could never return,
570 -- because there are no other references to this 'MVar'.
571 | BlockedIndefinitely
572 -- ^The current thread was waiting to retry an atomic memory transaction
573 -- that could never become possible to complete because there are no other
574 -- threads referring to any of teh TVars involved.
576 -- ^There are no runnable threads, so the program is
577 -- deadlocked. The 'Deadlock' exception is
578 -- raised in the main thread only (see also: "Control.Concurrent").
579 | DynException Dynamic
580 -- ^Dynamically typed exceptions (see section on Dynamic Exceptions: "Control.Exception\#DynamicExceptions").
582 -- ^The 'ErrorCall' exception is thrown by 'error'. The 'String'
583 -- argument of 'ErrorCall' is the string passed to 'error' when it was
585 | ExitException ExitCode
586 -- ^The 'ExitException' exception is thrown by 'System.Exit.exitWith' (and
587 -- 'System.Exit.exitFailure'). The 'ExitCode' argument is the value passed
588 -- to 'System.Exit.exitWith'. An unhandled 'ExitException' exception in the
589 -- main thread will cause the program to be terminated with the given
591 | IOException IOException
592 -- ^These are the standard IO exceptions generated by
593 -- Haskell\'s @IO@ operations. See also "System.IO.Error".
594 | NoMethodError String
595 -- ^An attempt was made to invoke a class method which has
596 -- no definition in this instance, and there was no default
597 -- definition given in the class declaration. GHC issues a
598 -- warning when you compile an instance which has missing
601 -- ^The current thread is stuck in an infinite loop. This
602 -- exception may or may not be thrown when the program is
604 | PatternMatchFail String
605 -- ^A pattern matching failure. The 'String' argument should contain a
606 -- descriptive message including the function name, source file
609 -- ^An attempt was made to evaluate a field of a record
610 -- for which no value was given at construction time. The
611 -- 'String' argument gives the location of the
612 -- record construction in the source program.
614 -- ^A field selection was attempted on a constructor that
615 -- doesn\'t have the requested field. This can happen with
616 -- multi-constructor records when one or more fields are
617 -- missing from some of the constructors. The
618 -- 'String' argument gives the location of the
619 -- record selection in the source program.
621 -- ^An attempt was made to update a field in a record,
622 -- where the record doesn\'t have the requested field. This can
623 -- only occur with multi-constructor records, when one or more
624 -- fields are missing from some of the constructors. The
625 -- 'String' argument gives the location of the
626 -- record update in the source program.
628 -- |The type of arithmetic exceptions
638 -- |Asynchronous exceptions
641 -- ^The current thread\'s stack exceeded its limit.
642 -- Since an exception has been raised, the thread\'s stack
643 -- will certainly be below its limit again, but the
644 -- programmer should take remedial action
647 -- ^The program\'s heap is reaching its limit, and
648 -- the program should take action to reduce the amount of
649 -- live data it has. Notes:
651 -- * It is undefined which thread receives this exception.
653 -- * GHC currently does not throw 'HeapOverflow' exceptions.
655 -- ^This exception is raised by another thread
656 -- calling 'Control.Concurrent.killThread', or by the system
657 -- if it needs to terminate the thread for some
661 -- | Exceptions generated by array operations
663 = IndexOutOfBounds String
664 -- ^An attempt was made to index an array outside
665 -- its declared bounds.
666 | UndefinedElement String
667 -- ^An attempt was made to evaluate an element of an
668 -- array that had not been initialized.
671 stackOverflow, heapOverflow :: Exception -- for the RTS
672 stackOverflow = AsyncException StackOverflow
673 heapOverflow = AsyncException HeapOverflow
675 instance Show ArithException where
676 showsPrec _ Overflow = showString "arithmetic overflow"
677 showsPrec _ Underflow = showString "arithmetic underflow"
678 showsPrec _ LossOfPrecision = showString "loss of precision"
679 showsPrec _ DivideByZero = showString "divide by zero"
680 showsPrec _ Denormal = showString "denormal"
682 instance Show AsyncException where
683 showsPrec _ StackOverflow = showString "stack overflow"
684 showsPrec _ HeapOverflow = showString "heap overflow"
685 showsPrec _ ThreadKilled = showString "thread killed"
687 instance Show ArrayException where
688 showsPrec _ (IndexOutOfBounds s)
689 = showString "array index out of range"
690 . (if not (null s) then showString ": " . showString s
692 showsPrec _ (UndefinedElement s)
693 = showString "undefined array element"
694 . (if not (null s) then showString ": " . showString s
697 instance Show Exception where
698 showsPrec _ (IOException err) = shows err
699 showsPrec _ (ArithException err) = shows err
700 showsPrec _ (ArrayException err) = shows err
701 showsPrec _ (ErrorCall err) = showString err
702 showsPrec _ (ExitException err) = showString "exit: " . shows err
703 showsPrec _ (NoMethodError err) = showString err
704 showsPrec _ (PatternMatchFail err) = showString err
705 showsPrec _ (RecSelError err) = showString err
706 showsPrec _ (RecConError err) = showString err
707 showsPrec _ (RecUpdError err) = showString err
708 showsPrec _ (AssertionFailed err) = showString err
709 showsPrec _ (DynException _err) = showString "unknown exception"
710 showsPrec _ (AsyncException e) = shows e
711 showsPrec _ (BlockedOnDeadMVar) = showString "thread blocked indefinitely"
712 showsPrec _ (BlockedIndefinitely) = showString "thread blocked indefinitely"
713 showsPrec _ (NonTermination) = showString "<<loop>>"
714 showsPrec _ (Deadlock) = showString "<<deadlock>>"
716 instance Eq Exception where
717 IOException e1 == IOException e2 = e1 == e2
718 ArithException e1 == ArithException e2 = e1 == e2
719 ArrayException e1 == ArrayException e2 = e1 == e2
720 ErrorCall e1 == ErrorCall e2 = e1 == e2
721 ExitException e1 == ExitException e2 = e1 == e2
722 NoMethodError e1 == NoMethodError e2 = e1 == e2
723 PatternMatchFail e1 == PatternMatchFail e2 = e1 == e2
724 RecSelError e1 == RecSelError e2 = e1 == e2
725 RecConError e1 == RecConError e2 = e1 == e2
726 RecUpdError e1 == RecUpdError e2 = e1 == e2
727 AssertionFailed e1 == AssertionFailed e2 = e1 == e2
728 DynException _ == DynException _ = False -- incomparable
729 AsyncException e1 == AsyncException e2 = e1 == e2
730 BlockedOnDeadMVar == BlockedOnDeadMVar = True
731 NonTermination == NonTermination = True
732 Deadlock == Deadlock = True
735 -- -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
738 -- We need it here because it is used in ExitException in the
739 -- Exception datatype (above).
742 = ExitSuccess -- ^ indicates successful termination;
744 -- ^ indicates program failure with an exit code.
745 -- The exact interpretation of the code is
746 -- operating-system dependent. In particular, some values
747 -- may be prohibited (e.g. 0 on a POSIX-compliant system).
748 deriving (Eq, Ord, Read, Show)
750 -- --------------------------------------------------------------------------
753 -- | Throw an exception. Exceptions may be thrown from purely
754 -- functional code, but may only be caught within the 'IO' monad.
755 throw :: Exception -> a
756 throw exception = raise# exception
758 -- | A variant of 'throw' that can be used within the 'IO' monad.
760 -- Although 'throwIO' has a type that is an instance of the type of 'throw', the
761 -- two functions are subtly different:
763 -- > throw e `seq` return () ===> throw e
764 -- > throwIO e `seq` return () ===> return ()
766 -- The first example will cause the exception @e@ to be raised,
767 -- whereas the second one won\'t. In fact, 'throwIO' will only cause
768 -- an exception to be raised when it is used within the 'IO' monad.
769 -- The 'throwIO' variant should be used in preference to 'throw' to
770 -- raise an exception within the 'IO' monad because it guarantees
771 -- ordering with respect to other 'IO' operations, whereas 'throw'
773 throwIO :: Exception -> IO a
774 throwIO err = IO $ raiseIO# err
776 ioException :: IOException -> IO a
777 ioException err = IO $ raiseIO# (IOException err)
779 -- | Raise an 'IOError' in the 'IO' monad.
780 ioError :: IOError -> IO a
781 ioError = ioException
783 -- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
786 -- | The Haskell 98 type for exceptions in the 'IO' monad.
787 -- Any I\/O operation may raise an 'IOError' instead of returning a result.
788 -- For a more general type of exception, including also those that arise
789 -- in pure code, see 'Control.Exception.Exception'.
791 -- In Haskell 98, this is an opaque type.
792 type IOError = IOException
794 -- |Exceptions that occur in the @IO@ monad.
795 -- An @IOException@ records a more specific error type, a descriptive
796 -- string and maybe the handle that was used when the error was
800 ioe_handle :: Maybe Handle, -- the handle used by the action flagging
802 ioe_type :: IOErrorType, -- what it was.
803 ioe_location :: String, -- location.
804 ioe_description :: String, -- error type specific information.
805 ioe_filename :: Maybe FilePath -- filename the error is related to.
808 instance Eq IOException where
809 (IOError h1 e1 loc1 str1 fn1) == (IOError h2 e2 loc2 str2 fn2) =
810 e1==e2 && str1==str2 && h1==h2 && loc1==loc2 && fn1==fn2
812 -- | An abstract type that contains a value for each variant of 'IOError'.
824 | UnsatisfiedConstraints
831 | UnsupportedOperation
835 | DynIOError Dynamic -- cheap&cheerful extensible IO error type.
837 instance Eq IOErrorType where
840 DynIOError{} -> False -- from a strictness POV, compatible with a derived Eq inst?
841 _ -> getTag x ==# getTag y
843 instance Show IOErrorType where
847 AlreadyExists -> "already exists"
848 NoSuchThing -> "does not exist"
849 ResourceBusy -> "resource busy"
850 ResourceExhausted -> "resource exhausted"
852 IllegalOperation -> "illegal operation"
853 PermissionDenied -> "permission denied"
854 UserError -> "user error"
855 HardwareFault -> "hardware fault"
856 InappropriateType -> "inappropriate type"
857 Interrupted -> "interrupted"
858 InvalidArgument -> "invalid argument"
859 OtherError -> "failed"
860 ProtocolError -> "protocol error"
861 ResourceVanished -> "resource vanished"
862 SystemError -> "system error"
863 TimeExpired -> "timeout"
864 UnsatisfiedConstraints -> "unsatisified constraints" -- ultra-precise!
865 UnsupportedOperation -> "unsupported operation"
866 DynIOError{} -> "unknown IO error"
868 -- | Construct an 'IOError' value with a string describing the error.
869 -- The 'fail' method of the 'IO' instance of the 'Monad' class raises a
870 -- 'userError', thus:
872 -- > instance Monad IO where
874 -- > fail s = ioError (userError s)
876 userError :: String -> IOError
877 userError str = IOError Nothing UserError "" str Nothing
879 -- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
882 instance Show IOException where
883 showsPrec p (IOError hdl iot loc s fn) =
885 Nothing -> case hdl of
887 Just h -> showsPrec p h . showString ": "
888 Just name -> showString name . showString ": ") .
891 _ -> showString loc . showString ": ") .
895 _ -> showString " (" . showString s . showString ")")
897 -- -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
900 data IOMode = ReadMode | WriteMode | AppendMode | ReadWriteMode
901 deriving (Eq, Ord, Ix, Enum, Read, Show)