[project @ 2004-11-30 14:28:02 by simonpj]

[ghc-hetmet.git] / ghc / compiler / coreSyn / CoreUtils.lhs

%
% (c) The GRASP/AQUA Project, Glasgow University, 1992-1998
%
\section[CoreUtils]{Utility functions on @Core@ syntax}

\begin{code}
module CoreUtils (
        -- Construction
        mkInlineMe, mkSCC, mkCoerce, mkCoerce2,
        bindNonRec, needsCaseBinding,
        mkIfThenElse, mkAltExpr, mkPiType, mkPiTypes,

        -- Taking expressions apart
        findDefault, findAlt,

        -- Properties of expressions
        exprType, coreAltType,
        exprIsDupable, exprIsTrivial, exprIsCheap, 
        exprIsValue,exprOkForSpeculation, exprIsBig, 
        exprIsConApp_maybe, exprIsBottom,
        rhsIsStatic,

        -- Arity and eta expansion
        manifestArity, exprArity, 
        exprEtaExpandArity, etaExpand, 

        -- Size
        coreBindsSize,

        -- Hashing
        hashExpr,

        -- Equality
        cheapEqExpr, eqExpr, applyTypeToArgs, applyTypeToArg
    ) where

#include "HsVersions.h"


import GLAEXTS          -- For `xori` 

import CoreSyn
import PprCore          ( pprCoreExpr )
import Var              ( Var )
import VarEnv
import Name             ( hashName )
import Packages         ( isDllName )
import CmdLineOpts      ( DynFlags )
import Literal          ( hashLiteral, literalType, litIsDupable, 
                          litIsTrivial, isZeroLit, Literal( MachLabel ) )
import DataCon          ( DataCon, dataConRepArity, dataConArgTys,
                          isVanillaDataCon, dataConTyCon )
import PrimOp           ( PrimOp(..), primOpOkForSpeculation, primOpIsCheap )
import Id               ( Id, idType, globalIdDetails, idNewStrictness, 
                          mkWildId, idArity, idName, idUnfolding, idInfo,
                          isOneShotBndr, isStateHackType, isDataConWorkId_maybe, mkSysLocal,
                          isDataConWorkId, isBottomingId
                        )
import IdInfo           ( GlobalIdDetails(..), megaSeqIdInfo )
import NewDemand        ( appIsBottom )
import Type             ( Type, mkFunTy, mkForAllTy, splitFunTy_maybe,
                          splitFunTy,
                          applyTys, isUnLiftedType, seqType, mkTyVarTy,
                          splitForAllTy_maybe, isForAllTy, splitRecNewType_maybe, 
                          splitTyConApp_maybe, eqType, funResultTy, applyTy
                        )
import TyCon            ( tyConArity )
-- gaw 2004
import TysWiredIn       ( boolTy, trueDataCon, falseDataCon )
import CostCentre       ( CostCentre )
import BasicTypes       ( Arity )
import Unique           ( Unique )
import Outputable
import TysPrim          ( alphaTy )     -- Debugging only
import Util             ( equalLength, lengthAtLeast )
\end{code}


%************************************************************************
%*                                                                      *
\subsection{Find the type of a Core atom/expression}
%*                                                                      *
%************************************************************************

\begin{code}
exprType :: CoreExpr -> Type

exprType (Var var)              = idType var
exprType (Lit lit)              = literalType lit
exprType (Let _ body)           = exprType body
-- gaw 2004
exprType (Case _ _ ty alts)     = ty
exprType (Note (Coerce ty _) e) = ty  -- **! should take usage from e
exprType (Note other_note e)    = exprType e
exprType (Lam binder expr)      = mkPiType binder (exprType expr)
exprType e@(App _ _)
  = case collectArgs e of
        (fun, args) -> applyTypeToArgs e (exprType fun) args

exprType other = pprTrace "exprType" (pprCoreExpr other) alphaTy

coreAltType :: CoreAlt -> Type
coreAltType (_,_,rhs) = exprType rhs
\end{code}

@mkPiType@ makes a (->) type or a forall type, depending on whether
it is given a type variable or a term variable.  We cleverly use the
lbvarinfo field to figure out the right annotation for the arrove in
case of a term variable.

\begin{code}
mkPiType  :: Var   -> Type -> Type      -- The more polymorphic version
mkPiTypes :: [Var] -> Type -> Type      --    doesn't work...

mkPiTypes vs ty = foldr mkPiType ty vs

mkPiType v ty
   | isId v    = mkFunTy (idType v) ty
   | otherwise = mkForAllTy v ty
\end{code}

\begin{code}
applyTypeToArg :: Type -> CoreExpr -> Type
applyTypeToArg fun_ty (Type arg_ty) = applyTy fun_ty arg_ty
applyTypeToArg fun_ty other_arg     = funResultTy fun_ty

applyTypeToArgs :: CoreExpr -> Type -> [CoreExpr] -> Type
-- A more efficient version of applyTypeToArg 
-- when we have several args
-- The first argument is just for debugging
applyTypeToArgs e op_ty [] = op_ty

applyTypeToArgs e op_ty (Type ty : args)
  =     -- Accumulate type arguments so we can instantiate all at once
    go [ty] args
  where
    go rev_tys (Type ty : args) = go (ty:rev_tys) args
    go rev_tys rest_args        = applyTypeToArgs e op_ty' rest_args
                                where
                                  op_ty' = applyTys op_ty (reverse rev_tys)

applyTypeToArgs e op_ty (other_arg : args)
  = case (splitFunTy_maybe op_ty) of
        Just (_, res_ty) -> applyTypeToArgs e res_ty args
        Nothing -> pprPanic "applyTypeToArgs" (pprCoreExpr e)
\end{code}



%************************************************************************
%*                                                                      *
\subsection{Attaching notes}
%*                                                                      *
%************************************************************************

mkNote removes redundant coercions, and SCCs where possible

\begin{code}
#ifdef UNUSED
mkNote :: Note -> CoreExpr -> CoreExpr
mkNote (Coerce to_ty from_ty) expr = mkCoerce2 to_ty from_ty expr
mkNote (SCC cc) expr               = mkSCC cc expr
mkNote InlineMe expr               = mkInlineMe expr
mkNote note     expr               = Note note expr
#endif

-- Slide InlineCall in around the function
--      No longer necessary I think (SLPJ Apr 99)
-- mkNote InlineCall (App f a) = App (mkNote InlineCall f) a
-- mkNote InlineCall (Var v)   = Note InlineCall (Var v)
-- mkNote InlineCall expr      = expr
\end{code}

Drop trivial InlineMe's.  This is somewhat important, because if we have an unfolding
that looks like (Note InlineMe (Var v)), the InlineMe doesn't go away because it may
not be *applied* to anything.

We don't use exprIsTrivial here, though, because we sometimes generate worker/wrapper
bindings like
        fw = ...
        f  = inline_me (coerce t fw)
As usual, the inline_me prevents the worker from getting inlined back into the wrapper.
We want the split, so that the coerces can cancel at the call site.  

However, we can get left with tiresome type applications.  Notably, consider
        f = /\ a -> let t = e in (t, w)
Then lifting the let out of the big lambda gives
        t' = /\a -> e
        f = /\ a -> let t = inline_me (t' a) in (t, w)
The inline_me is to stop the simplifier inlining t' right back
into t's RHS.  In the next phase we'll substitute for t (since
its rhs is trivial) and *then* we could get rid of the inline_me.
But it hardly seems worth it, so I don't bother.

\begin{code}
mkInlineMe (Var v) = Var v
mkInlineMe e       = Note InlineMe e
\end{code}



\begin{code}
mkCoerce :: Type -> CoreExpr -> CoreExpr
mkCoerce to_ty expr = mkCoerce2 to_ty (exprType expr) expr

mkCoerce2 :: Type -> Type -> CoreExpr -> CoreExpr
mkCoerce2 to_ty from_ty (Note (Coerce to_ty2 from_ty2) expr)
  = ASSERT( from_ty `eqType` to_ty2 )
    mkCoerce2 to_ty from_ty2 expr

mkCoerce2 to_ty from_ty expr
  | to_ty `eqType` from_ty = expr
  | otherwise              = ASSERT( from_ty `eqType` exprType expr )
                             Note (Coerce to_ty from_ty) expr
\end{code}

\begin{code}
mkSCC :: CostCentre -> Expr b -> Expr b
        -- Note: Nested SCC's *are* preserved for the benefit of
        --       cost centre stack profiling
mkSCC cc (Lit lit)          = Lit lit
mkSCC cc (Lam x e)          = Lam x (mkSCC cc e)  -- Move _scc_ inside lambda
mkSCC cc (Note (SCC cc') e) = Note (SCC cc) (Note (SCC cc') e)
mkSCC cc (Note n e)         = Note n (mkSCC cc e) -- Move _scc_ inside notes
mkSCC cc expr               = Note (SCC cc) expr
\end{code}


%************************************************************************
%*                                                                      *
\subsection{Other expression construction}
%*                                                                      *
%************************************************************************

\begin{code}
bindNonRec :: Id -> CoreExpr -> CoreExpr -> CoreExpr
-- (bindNonRec x r b) produces either
--      let x = r in b
-- or
--      case r of x { _DEFAULT_ -> b }
--
-- depending on whether x is unlifted or not
-- It's used by the desugarer to avoid building bindings
-- that give Core Lint a heart attack.  Actually the simplifier
-- deals with them perfectly well.

bindNonRec bndr rhs body 
-- gaw 2004
  | needsCaseBinding (idType bndr) rhs = Case rhs bndr (exprType body) [(DEFAULT,[],body)]
  | otherwise                          = Let (NonRec bndr rhs) body

needsCaseBinding ty rhs = isUnLiftedType ty && not (exprOkForSpeculation rhs)
        -- Make a case expression instead of a let
        -- These can arise either from the desugarer,
        -- or from beta reductions: (\x.e) (x +# y)
\end{code}

\begin{code}
mkAltExpr :: AltCon -> [CoreBndr] -> [Type] -> CoreExpr
        -- This guy constructs the value that the scrutinee must have
        -- when you are in one particular branch of a case
mkAltExpr (DataAlt con) args inst_tys
  = mkConApp con (map Type inst_tys ++ map varToCoreExpr args)
mkAltExpr (LitAlt lit) [] []
  = Lit lit

mkIfThenElse :: CoreExpr -> CoreExpr -> CoreExpr -> CoreExpr
mkIfThenElse guard then_expr else_expr
-- gaw 2004
-- Not going to be refining, so okay to take the type of the "then" clause
  = Case guard (mkWildId boolTy) (exprType then_expr) 
         [ (DataAlt trueDataCon,  [], then_expr),
           (DataAlt falseDataCon, [], else_expr) ]
\end{code}


%************************************************************************
%*                                                                      *
\subsection{Taking expressions apart}
%*                                                                      *
%************************************************************************

The default alternative must be first, if it exists at all.
This makes it easy to find, though it makes matching marginally harder.

\begin{code}
findDefault :: [CoreAlt] -> ([CoreAlt], Maybe CoreExpr)
findDefault ((DEFAULT,args,rhs) : alts) = ASSERT( null args ) (alts, Just rhs)
findDefault alts                        =                     (alts, Nothing)

findAlt :: AltCon -> [CoreAlt] -> CoreAlt
findAlt con alts
  = case alts of
        (deflt@(DEFAULT,_,_):alts) -> go alts deflt
        other                      -> go alts panic_deflt

  where
    panic_deflt = pprPanic "Missing alternative" (ppr con $$ vcat (map ppr alts))

    go []                      deflt               = deflt
    go (alt@(con1,_,_) : alts) deflt | con == con1 = alt
                                     | otherwise   = ASSERT( not (con1 == DEFAULT) )
                                                     go alts deflt
\end{code}


%************************************************************************
%*                                                                      *
\subsection{Figuring out things about expressions}
%*                                                                      *
%************************************************************************

@exprIsTrivial@ is true of expressions we are unconditionally happy to
                duplicate; simple variables and constants, and type
                applications.  Note that primop Ids aren't considered
                trivial unless 

@exprIsBottom@  is true of expressions that are guaranteed to diverge


There used to be a gruesome test for (hasNoBinding v) in the
Var case:
        exprIsTrivial (Var v) | hasNoBinding v = idArity v == 0
The idea here is that a constructor worker, like $wJust, is
really short for (\x -> $wJust x), becuase $wJust has no binding.
So it should be treated like a lambda.  Ditto unsaturated primops.
But now constructor workers are not "have-no-binding" Ids.  And
completely un-applied primops and foreign-call Ids are sufficiently
rare that I plan to allow them to be duplicated and put up with
saturating them.

SCC notes.  We do not treat (_scc_ "foo" x) as trivial, because 
  a) it really generates code, (and a heap object when it's 
     a function arg) to capture the cost centre
  b) see the note [SCC-and-exprIsTrivial] in Simplify.simplLazyBind

\begin{code}
exprIsTrivial (Var v)      = True       -- See notes above
exprIsTrivial (Type _)     = True
exprIsTrivial (Lit lit)    = litIsTrivial lit
exprIsTrivial (App e arg)  = not (isRuntimeArg arg) && exprIsTrivial e
exprIsTrivial (Note (SCC _) e) = False          -- See notes above
exprIsTrivial (Note _       e) = exprIsTrivial e
exprIsTrivial (Lam b body) = not (isRuntimeVar b) && exprIsTrivial body
exprIsTrivial other        = False
\end{code}


@exprIsDupable@ is true of expressions that can be duplicated at a modest
                cost in code size.  This will only happen in different case
                branches, so there's no issue about duplicating work.

                That is, exprIsDupable returns True of (f x) even if
                f is very very expensive to call.

                Its only purpose is to avoid fruitless let-binding
                and then inlining of case join points


\begin{code}
exprIsDupable (Type _)          = True
exprIsDupable (Var v)           = True
exprIsDupable (Lit lit)         = litIsDupable lit
exprIsDupable (Note InlineMe e) = True
exprIsDupable (Note _ e)        = exprIsDupable e
exprIsDupable expr           
  = go expr 0
  where
    go (Var v)   n_args = True
    go (App f a) n_args =  n_args < dupAppSize
                        && exprIsDupable a
                        && go f (n_args+1)
    go other n_args     = False

dupAppSize :: Int
dupAppSize = 4          -- Size of application we are prepared to duplicate
\end{code}

@exprIsCheap@ looks at a Core expression and returns \tr{True} if
it is obviously in weak head normal form, or is cheap to get to WHNF.
[Note that that's not the same as exprIsDupable; an expression might be
big, and hence not dupable, but still cheap.]

By ``cheap'' we mean a computation we're willing to:
        push inside a lambda, or
        inline at more than one place
That might mean it gets evaluated more than once, instead of being
shared.  The main examples of things which aren't WHNF but are
``cheap'' are:

  *     case e of
          pi -> ei
        (where e, and all the ei are cheap)

  *     let x = e in b
        (where e and b are cheap)

  *     op x1 ... xn
        (where op is a cheap primitive operator)

  *     error "foo"
        (because we are happy to substitute it inside a lambda)

Notice that a variable is considered 'cheap': we can push it inside a lambda,
because sharing will make sure it is only evaluated once.

\begin{code}
exprIsCheap :: CoreExpr -> Bool
exprIsCheap (Lit lit)               = True
exprIsCheap (Type _)                = True
exprIsCheap (Var _)                 = True
exprIsCheap (Note InlineMe e)       = True
exprIsCheap (Note _ e)              = exprIsCheap e
exprIsCheap (Lam x e)               = isRuntimeVar x || exprIsCheap e
-- gaw 2004
exprIsCheap (Case e _ _ alts)       = exprIsCheap e && 
                                    and [exprIsCheap rhs | (_,_,rhs) <- alts]
        -- Experimentally, treat (case x of ...) as cheap
        -- (and case __coerce x etc.)
        -- This improves arities of overloaded functions where
        -- there is only dictionary selection (no construction) involved
exprIsCheap (Let (NonRec x _) e)  
      | isUnLiftedType (idType x) = exprIsCheap e
      | otherwise                 = False
        -- strict lets always have cheap right hand sides, and
        -- do no allocation.

exprIsCheap other_expr 
  = go other_expr 0 True
  where
    go (Var f) n_args args_cheap 
        = (idAppIsCheap f n_args && args_cheap)
                        -- A constructor, cheap primop, or partial application

          || idAppIsBottom f n_args 
                        -- Application of a function which
                        -- always gives bottom; we treat this as cheap
                        -- because it certainly doesn't need to be shared!
        
    go (App f a) n_args args_cheap 
        | not (isRuntimeArg a) = go f n_args      args_cheap
        | otherwise            = go f (n_args + 1) (exprIsCheap a && args_cheap)

    go other   n_args args_cheap = False

idAppIsCheap :: Id -> Int -> Bool
idAppIsCheap id n_val_args 
  | n_val_args == 0 = True      -- Just a type application of
                                -- a variable (f t1 t2 t3)
                                -- counts as WHNF
  | otherwise = case globalIdDetails id of
                  DataConWorkId _ -> True                       
                  RecordSelId _ _ -> True       -- I'm experimenting with making record selection
                  ClassOpId _     -> True       -- look cheap, so we will substitute it inside a
                                                -- lambda.  Particularly for dictionary field selection

                  PrimOpId op   -> primOpIsCheap op     -- In principle we should worry about primops
                                                        -- that return a type variable, since the result
                                                        -- might be applied to something, but I'm not going
                                                        -- to bother to check the number of args
                  other       -> n_val_args < idArity id
\end{code}

exprOkForSpeculation returns True of an expression that it is

        * safe to evaluate even if normal order eval might not 
          evaluate the expression at all, or

        * safe *not* to evaluate even if normal order would do so

It returns True iff

        the expression guarantees to terminate, 
        soon, 
        without raising an exception,
        without causing a side effect (e.g. writing a mutable variable)

E.G.
        let x = case y# +# 1# of { r# -> I# r# }
        in E
==>
        case y# +# 1# of { r# -> 
        let x = I# r#
        in E 
        }

We can only do this if the (y+1) is ok for speculation: it has no
side effects, and can't diverge or raise an exception.

\begin{code}
exprOkForSpeculation :: CoreExpr -> Bool
exprOkForSpeculation (Lit _)    = True
exprOkForSpeculation (Type _)   = True
exprOkForSpeculation (Var v)    = isUnLiftedType (idType v)
exprOkForSpeculation (Note _ e) = exprOkForSpeculation e
exprOkForSpeculation other_expr
  = case collectArgs other_expr of
        (Var f, args) -> spec_ok (globalIdDetails f) args
        other         -> False
 
  where
    spec_ok (DataConWorkId _) args
      = True    -- The strictness of the constructor has already
                -- been expressed by its "wrapper", so we don't need
                -- to take the arguments into account

    spec_ok (PrimOpId op) args
      | isDivOp op,             -- Special case for dividing operations that fail
        [arg1, Lit lit] <- args -- only if the divisor is zero
      = not (isZeroLit lit) && exprOkForSpeculation arg1
                -- Often there is a literal divisor, and this 
                -- can get rid of a thunk in an inner looop

      | otherwise
      = primOpOkForSpeculation op && 
        all exprOkForSpeculation args
                                -- A bit conservative: we don't really need
                                -- to care about lazy arguments, but this is easy

    spec_ok other args = False

isDivOp :: PrimOp -> Bool
-- True of dyadic operators that can fail 
-- only if the second arg is zero
-- This function probably belongs in PrimOp, or even in 
-- an automagically generated file.. but it's such a 
-- special case I thought I'd leave it here for now.
isDivOp IntQuotOp        = True
isDivOp IntRemOp         = True
isDivOp WordQuotOp       = True
isDivOp WordRemOp        = True
isDivOp IntegerQuotRemOp = True
isDivOp IntegerDivModOp  = True
isDivOp FloatDivOp       = True
isDivOp DoubleDivOp      = True
isDivOp other            = False
\end{code}


\begin{code}
exprIsBottom :: CoreExpr -> Bool        -- True => definitely bottom
exprIsBottom e = go 0 e
               where
                -- n is the number of args
                 go n (Note _ e)     = go n e
                 go n (Let _ e)      = go n e
-- gaw 2004
                 go n (Case e _ _ _) = go 0 e   -- Just check the scrut
                 go n (App e _)      = go (n+1) e
                 go n (Var v)        = idAppIsBottom v n
                 go n (Lit _)        = False
                 go n (Lam _ _)      = False

idAppIsBottom :: Id -> Int -> Bool
idAppIsBottom id n_val_args = appIsBottom (idNewStrictness id) n_val_args
\end{code}

@exprIsValue@ returns true for expressions that are certainly *already* 
evaluated to *head* normal form.  This is used to decide whether it's ok 
to change

        case x of _ -> e   ===>   e

and to decide whether it's safe to discard a `seq`

So, it does *not* treat variables as evaluated, unless they say they are.

But it *does* treat partial applications and constructor applications
as values, even if their arguments are non-trivial, provided the argument
type is lifted; 
        e.g.  (:) (f x) (map f xs)      is a value
              map (...redex...)         is a value
Because `seq` on such things completes immediately

For unlifted argument types, we have to be careful:
                C (f x :: Int#)
Suppose (f x) diverges; then C (f x) is not a value.  True, but
this form is illegal (see the invariants in CoreSyn).  Args of unboxed
type must be ok-for-speculation (or trivial).

\begin{code}
exprIsValue :: CoreExpr -> Bool         -- True => Value-lambda, constructor, PAP
exprIsValue (Var v)     -- NB: There are no value args at this point
  =  isDataConWorkId v  -- Catches nullary constructors, 
                        --      so that [] and () are values, for example
  || idArity v > 0      -- Catches (e.g.) primops that don't have unfoldings
  || isEvaldUnfolding (idUnfolding v)
        -- Check the thing's unfolding; it might be bound to a value
        -- A worry: what if an Id's unfolding is just itself: 
        -- then we could get an infinite loop...

exprIsValue (Lit l)          = True
exprIsValue (Type ty)        = True     -- Types are honorary Values; 
                                        -- we don't mind copying them
exprIsValue (Lam b e)        = isRuntimeVar b || exprIsValue e
exprIsValue (Note _ e)       = exprIsValue e
exprIsValue (App e (Type _)) = exprIsValue e
exprIsValue (App e a)        = app_is_value e [a]
exprIsValue other            = False

-- There is at least one value argument
app_is_value (Var fun) args
  |  isDataConWorkId fun                        -- Constructor apps are values
  || idArity fun > valArgCount args     -- Under-applied function
  = check_args (idType fun) args
app_is_value (App f a) as = app_is_value f (a:as)
app_is_value other     as = False

        -- 'check_args' checks that unlifted-type args
        -- are in fact guaranteed non-divergent
check_args fun_ty []              = True
check_args fun_ty (Type _ : args) = case splitForAllTy_maybe fun_ty of
                                      Just (_, ty) -> check_args ty args
check_args fun_ty (arg : args)
  | isUnLiftedType arg_ty = exprOkForSpeculation arg
  | otherwise             = check_args res_ty args
  where
    (arg_ty, res_ty) = splitFunTy fun_ty
\end{code}

\begin{code}
exprIsConApp_maybe :: CoreExpr -> Maybe (DataCon, [CoreExpr])
exprIsConApp_maybe (Note (Coerce to_ty from_ty) expr)
  =     -- Maybe this is over the top, but here we try to turn
        --      coerce (S,T) ( x, y )
        -- effectively into 
        --      ( coerce S x, coerce T y )
        -- This happens in anger in PrelArrExts which has a coerce
        --      case coerce memcpy a b of
        --        (# r, s #) -> ...
        -- where the memcpy is in the IO monad, but the call is in
        -- the (ST s) monad
    case exprIsConApp_maybe expr of {
        Nothing           -> Nothing ;
        Just (dc, args)   -> 
  
    case splitTyConApp_maybe to_ty of {
        Nothing -> Nothing ;
        Just (tc, tc_arg_tys) | tc /= dataConTyCon dc     -> Nothing
                              | not (isVanillaDataCon dc) -> Nothing
                              | otherwise                 ->
                -- Type constructor must match
                -- We knock out existentials to keep matters simple(r)
    let
        arity            = tyConArity tc
        val_args         = drop arity args
        to_arg_tys       = dataConArgTys dc tc_arg_tys
        mk_coerce ty arg = mkCoerce ty arg
        new_val_args     = zipWith mk_coerce to_arg_tys val_args
    in
    ASSERT( all isTypeArg (take arity args) )
    ASSERT( equalLength val_args to_arg_tys )
    Just (dc, map Type tc_arg_tys ++ new_val_args)
    }}

exprIsConApp_maybe (Note _ expr)
  = exprIsConApp_maybe expr
    -- We ignore InlineMe notes in case we have
    --  x = __inline_me__ (a,b)
    -- All part of making sure that INLINE pragmas never hurt
    -- Marcin tripped on this one when making dictionaries more inlinable
    --
    -- In fact, we ignore all notes.  For example,
    --          case _scc_ "foo" (C a b) of
    --                  C a b -> e
    -- should be optimised away, but it will be only if we look
    -- through the SCC note.

exprIsConApp_maybe expr = analyse (collectArgs expr)
  where
    analyse (Var fun, args)
        | Just con <- isDataConWorkId_maybe fun,
          args `lengthAtLeast` dataConRepArity con
                -- Might be > because the arity excludes type args
        = Just (con,args)

        -- Look through unfoldings, but only cheap ones, because
        -- we are effectively duplicating the unfolding
    analyse (Var fun, [])
        | let unf = idUnfolding fun,
          isCheapUnfolding unf
        = exprIsConApp_maybe (unfoldingTemplate unf)

    analyse other = Nothing
\end{code}



%************************************************************************
%*                                                                      *
\subsection{Eta reduction and expansion}
%*                                                                      *
%************************************************************************

\begin{code}
exprEtaExpandArity :: CoreExpr -> Arity
{- The Arity returned is the number of value args the 
   thing can be applied to without doing much work

exprEtaExpandArity is used when eta expanding
        e  ==>  \xy -> e x y

It returns 1 (or more) to:
        case x of p -> \s -> ...
because for I/O ish things we really want to get that \s to the top.
We are prepared to evaluate x each time round the loop in order to get that

It's all a bit more subtle than it looks:

1.  One-shot lambdas

Consider one-shot lambdas
                let x = expensive in \y z -> E
We want this to have arity 2 if the \y-abstraction is a 1-shot lambda
Hence the ArityType returned by arityType

2.  The state-transformer hack

The one-shot lambda special cause is particularly important/useful for
IO state transformers, where we often get
        let x = E in \ s -> ...

and the \s is a real-world state token abstraction.  Such abstractions
are almost invariably 1-shot, so we want to pull the \s out, past the
let x=E, even if E is expensive.  So we treat state-token lambdas as 
one-shot even if they aren't really.  The hack is in Id.isOneShotBndr.

3.  Dealing with bottom

Consider also 
        f = \x -> error "foo"
Here, arity 1 is fine.  But if it is
        f = \x -> case x of 
                        True  -> error "foo"
                        False -> \y -> x+y
then we want to get arity 2.  Tecnically, this isn't quite right, because
        (f True) `seq` 1
should diverge, but it'll converge if we eta-expand f.  Nevertheless, we
do so; it improves some programs significantly, and increasing convergence
isn't a bad thing.  Hence the ABot/ATop in ArityType.

Actually, the situation is worse.  Consider
        f = \x -> case x of
                        True  -> \y -> x+y
                        False -> \y -> x-y
Can we eta-expand here?  At first the answer looks like "yes of course", but
consider
        (f bot) `seq` 1
This should diverge!  But if we eta-expand, it won't.   Again, we ignore this
"problem", because being scrupulous would lose an important transformation for
many programs.
-}


exprEtaExpandArity e = arityDepth (arityType e)

-- A limited sort of function type
data ArityType = AFun Bool ArityType    -- True <=> one-shot
               | ATop                   -- Know nothing
               | ABot                   -- Diverges

arityDepth :: ArityType -> Arity
arityDepth (AFun _ ty) = 1 + arityDepth ty
arityDepth ty          = 0

andArityType ABot           at2           = at2
andArityType ATop           at2           = ATop
andArityType (AFun t1 at1)  (AFun t2 at2) = AFun (t1 && t2) (andArityType at1 at2)
andArityType at1            at2           = andArityType at2 at1

arityType :: CoreExpr -> ArityType
        -- (go1 e) = [b1,..,bn]
        -- means expression can be rewritten \x_b1 -> ... \x_bn -> body
        -- where bi is True <=> the lambda is one-shot

arityType (Note n e) = arityType e
--      Not needed any more: etaExpand is cleverer
--  | ok_note n = arityType e
--  | otherwise = ATop

arityType (Var v) 
  = mk (idArity v) (arg_tys (idType v))
  where
    mk :: Arity -> [Type] -> ArityType
        -- The argument types are only to steer the "state hack"
        -- Consider case x of
        --              True  -> foo
        --              False -> \(s:RealWorld) -> e
        -- where foo has arity 1.  Then we want the state hack to
        -- apply to foo too, so we can eta expand the case.
    mk 0 tys | isBottomingId v  = ABot
             | otherwise        = ATop
    mk n (ty:tys) = AFun (isStateHackType ty) (mk (n-1) tys)
    mk n []       = AFun False                (mk (n-1) [])

    arg_tys :: Type -> [Type]   -- Ignore for-alls
    arg_tys ty 
        | Just (_, ty')  <- splitForAllTy_maybe ty = arg_tys ty'
        | Just (arg,res) <- splitFunTy_maybe ty    = arg : arg_tys res
        | otherwise                                = []

        -- Lambdas; increase arity
arityType (Lam x e) | isId x    = AFun (isOneShotBndr x) (arityType e)
                    | otherwise = arityType e

        -- Applications; decrease arity
arityType (App f (Type _)) = arityType f
arityType (App f a)        = case arityType f of
                                AFun one_shot xs | exprIsCheap a -> xs
                                other                            -> ATop
                                                           
        -- Case/Let; keep arity if either the expression is cheap
        -- or it's a 1-shot lambda
        -- The former is not really right for Haskell
        --      f x = case x of { (a,b) -> \y. e }
        --  ===>
        --      f x y = case x of { (a,b) -> e }
        -- The difference is observable using 'seq'
-- gaw 2004  
arityType (Case scrut _ _ alts) = case foldr1 andArityType [arityType rhs | (_,_,rhs) <- alts] of
                                  xs@(AFun one_shot _) | one_shot -> xs
                                  xs | exprIsCheap scrut          -> xs
                                     | otherwise                  -> ATop

arityType (Let b e) = case arityType e of
                        xs@(AFun one_shot _) | one_shot                       -> xs
                        xs                   | all exprIsCheap (rhssOfBind b) -> xs
                                             | otherwise                      -> ATop

arityType other = ATop

{- NOT NEEDED ANY MORE: etaExpand is cleverer
ok_note InlineMe = False
ok_note other    = True
    -- Notice that we do not look through __inline_me__
    -- This may seem surprising, but consider
    --          f = _inline_me (\x -> e)
    -- We DO NOT want to eta expand this to
    --          f = \x -> (_inline_me (\x -> e)) x
    -- because the _inline_me gets dropped now it is applied, 
    -- giving just
    --          f = \x -> e
    -- A Bad Idea
-}
\end{code}


\begin{code}
etaExpand :: Arity              -- Result should have this number of value args
          -> [Unique]
          -> CoreExpr -> Type   -- Expression and its type
          -> CoreExpr
-- (etaExpand n us e ty) returns an expression with 
-- the same meaning as 'e', but with arity 'n'.  
--
-- Given e' = etaExpand n us e ty
-- We should have
--      ty = exprType e = exprType e'
--
-- Note that SCCs are not treated specially.  If we have
--      etaExpand 2 (\x -> scc "foo" e)
--      = (\xy -> (scc "foo" e) y)
-- So the costs of evaluating 'e' (not 'e y') are attributed to "foo"

etaExpand n us expr ty
  | manifestArity expr >= n = expr              -- The no-op case
  | otherwise               = eta_expand n us expr ty
  where

-- manifestArity sees how many leading value lambdas there are
manifestArity :: CoreExpr -> Arity
manifestArity (Lam v e) | isId v    = 1 + manifestArity e
                        | otherwise = manifestArity e
manifestArity (Note _ e)            = manifestArity e
manifestArity e                     = 0

-- etaExpand deals with for-alls. For example:
--              etaExpand 1 E
-- where  E :: forall a. a -> a
-- would return
--      (/\b. \y::a -> E b y)
--
-- It deals with coerces too, though they are now rare
-- so perhaps the extra code isn't worth it

eta_expand n us expr ty
  | n == 0 && 
    -- The ILX code generator requires eta expansion for type arguments
    -- too, but alas the 'n' doesn't tell us how many of them there 
    -- may be.  So we eagerly eta expand any big lambdas, and just
    -- cross our fingers about possible loss of sharing in the ILX case. 
    -- The Right Thing is probably to make 'arity' include
    -- type variables throughout the compiler.  (ToDo.)
    not (isForAllTy ty) 
    -- Saturated, so nothing to do
  = expr

        -- Short cut for the case where there already
        -- is a lambda; no point in gratuitously adding more
eta_expand n us (Lam v body) ty
  | isTyVar v
  = Lam v (eta_expand n us body (applyTy ty (mkTyVarTy v)))

  | otherwise
  = Lam v (eta_expand (n-1) us body (funResultTy ty))

-- We used to have a special case that stepped inside Coerces here,
-- thus:  eta_expand n us (Note note@(Coerce _ ty) e) _  
--              = Note note (eta_expand n us e ty)
-- BUT this led to an infinite loop
-- Example:     newtype T = MkT (Int -> Int)
--      eta_expand 1 (coerce (Int->Int) e)
--      --> coerce (Int->Int) (eta_expand 1 T e)
--              by the bogus eqn
--      --> coerce (Int->Int) (coerce T 
--              (\x::Int -> eta_expand 1 (coerce (Int->Int) e)))
--              by the splitNewType_maybe case below
--      and round we go

eta_expand n us expr ty
  = case splitForAllTy_maybe ty of { 
          Just (tv,ty') -> Lam tv (eta_expand n us (App expr (Type (mkTyVarTy tv))) ty')

        ; Nothing ->
  
        case splitFunTy_maybe ty of {
          Just (arg_ty, res_ty) -> Lam arg1 (eta_expand (n-1) us2 (App expr (Var arg1)) res_ty)
                                where
                                   arg1       = mkSysLocal FSLIT("eta") uniq arg_ty
                                   (uniq:us2) = us
                                   
        ; Nothing ->

                -- Given this:
                --      newtype T = MkT ([T] -> Int)
                -- Consider eta-expanding this
                --      eta_expand 1 e T
                -- We want to get
                --      coerce T (\x::[T] -> (coerce ([T]->Int) e) x)
                -- Only try this for recursive newtypes; the non-recursive kind
                -- are transparent anyway

        case splitRecNewType_maybe ty of {
          Just ty' -> mkCoerce2 ty ty' (eta_expand n us (mkCoerce2 ty' ty expr) ty') ;
          Nothing  -> pprTrace "Bad eta expand" (ppr n $$ ppr expr $$ ppr ty) expr
        }}}
\end{code}

exprArity is a cheap-and-cheerful version of exprEtaExpandArity.
It tells how many things the expression can be applied to before doing
any work.  It doesn't look inside cases, lets, etc.  The idea is that
exprEtaExpandArity will do the hard work, leaving something that's easy
for exprArity to grapple with.  In particular, Simplify uses exprArity to
compute the ArityInfo for the Id. 

Originally I thought that it was enough just to look for top-level lambdas, but
it isn't.  I've seen this

        foo = PrelBase.timesInt

We want foo to get arity 2 even though the eta-expander will leave it
unchanged, in the expectation that it'll be inlined.  But occasionally it
isn't, because foo is blacklisted (used in a rule).  

Similarly, see the ok_note check in exprEtaExpandArity.  So 
        f = __inline_me (\x -> e)
won't be eta-expanded.

And in any case it seems more robust to have exprArity be a bit more intelligent.
But note that   (\x y z -> f x y z)
should have arity 3, regardless of f's arity.

\begin{code}
exprArity :: CoreExpr -> Arity
exprArity e = go e
            where
              go (Var v)                   = idArity v
              go (Lam x e) | isId x        = go e + 1
                           | otherwise     = go e
              go (Note n e)                = go e
              go (App e (Type t))          = go e
              go (App f a) | exprIsCheap a = (go f - 1) `max` 0
                -- NB: exprIsCheap a!  
                --      f (fac x) does not have arity 2, 
                --      even if f has arity 3!
                -- NB: `max 0`!  (\x y -> f x) has arity 2, even if f is
                --               unknown, hence arity 0
              go _                         = 0
\end{code}

%************************************************************************
%*                                                                      *
\subsection{Equality}
%*                                                                      *
%************************************************************************

@cheapEqExpr@ is a cheap equality test which bales out fast!
        True  => definitely equal
        False => may or may not be equal

\begin{code}
cheapEqExpr :: Expr b -> Expr b -> Bool

cheapEqExpr (Var v1)   (Var v2)   = v1==v2
cheapEqExpr (Lit lit1) (Lit lit2) = lit1 == lit2
cheapEqExpr (Type t1)  (Type t2)  = t1 `eqType` t2

cheapEqExpr (App f1 a1) (App f2 a2)
  = f1 `cheapEqExpr` f2 && a1 `cheapEqExpr` a2

cheapEqExpr _ _ = False

exprIsBig :: Expr b -> Bool
-- Returns True of expressions that are too big to be compared by cheapEqExpr
exprIsBig (Lit _)      = False
exprIsBig (Var v)      = False
exprIsBig (Type t)     = False
exprIsBig (App f a)    = exprIsBig f || exprIsBig a
exprIsBig other        = True
\end{code}


\begin{code}
eqExpr :: CoreExpr -> CoreExpr -> Bool
        -- Works ok at more general type, but only needed at CoreExpr
        -- Used in rule matching, so when we find a type we use
        -- eqTcType, which doesn't look through newtypes
        -- [And it doesn't risk falling into a black hole either.]
eqExpr e1 e2
  = eq emptyVarEnv e1 e2
  where
  -- The "env" maps variables in e1 to variables in ty2
  -- So when comparing lambdas etc, 
  -- we in effect substitute v2 for v1 in e1 before continuing
    eq env (Var v1) (Var v2) = case lookupVarEnv env v1 of
                                  Just v1' -> v1' == v2
                                  Nothing  -> v1  == v2

    eq env (Lit lit1)   (Lit lit2)   = lit1 == lit2
    eq env (App f1 a1)  (App f2 a2)  = eq env f1 f2 && eq env a1 a2
    eq env (Lam v1 e1)  (Lam v2 e2)  = eq (extendVarEnv env v1 v2) e1 e2
    eq env (Let (NonRec v1 r1) e1)
           (Let (NonRec v2 r2) e2)   = eq env r1 r2 && eq (extendVarEnv env v1 v2) e1 e2
    eq env (Let (Rec ps1) e1)
           (Let (Rec ps2) e2)        = equalLength ps1 ps2 &&
                                       and (zipWith eq_rhs ps1 ps2) &&
                                       eq env' e1 e2
                                     where
                                       env' = extendVarEnvList env [(v1,v2) | ((v1,_),(v2,_)) <- zip ps1 ps2]
                                       eq_rhs (_,r1) (_,r2) = eq env' r1 r2
    eq env (Case e1 v1 t1 a1)
           (Case e2 v2 t2 a2)        = eq env e1 e2 &&
                                       t1 `eqType` t2 &&                      
                                       equalLength a1 a2 &&
                                       and (zipWith (eq_alt env') a1 a2)
                                     where
                                       env' = extendVarEnv env v1 v2

    eq env (Note n1 e1) (Note n2 e2) = eq_note env n1 n2 && eq env e1 e2
    eq env (Type t1)    (Type t2)    = t1 `eqType` t2
    eq env e1           e2           = False
                                         
    eq_list env []       []       = True
    eq_list env (e1:es1) (e2:es2) = eq env e1 e2 && eq_list env es1 es2
    eq_list env es1      es2      = False
    
    eq_alt env (c1,vs1,r1) (c2,vs2,r2) = c1==c2 &&
                                         eq (extendVarEnvList env (vs1 `zip` vs2)) r1 r2

    eq_note env (SCC cc1)      (SCC cc2)      = cc1 == cc2
    eq_note env (Coerce t1 f1) (Coerce t2 f2) = t1 `eqType` t2 && f1 `eqType` f2
    eq_note env InlineCall     InlineCall     = True
    eq_note env (CoreNote s1)  (CoreNote s2)  = s1 == s2
    eq_note env other1         other2         = False
\end{code}


%************************************************************************
%*                                                                      *
\subsection{The size of an expression}
%*                                                                      *
%************************************************************************

\begin{code}
coreBindsSize :: [CoreBind] -> Int
coreBindsSize bs = foldr ((+) . bindSize) 0 bs

exprSize :: CoreExpr -> Int
        -- A measure of the size of the expressions
        -- It also forces the expression pretty drastically as a side effect
exprSize (Var v)         = v `seq` 1
exprSize (Lit lit)       = lit `seq` 1
exprSize (App f a)       = exprSize f + exprSize a
exprSize (Lam b e)       = varSize b + exprSize e
exprSize (Let b e)       = bindSize b + exprSize e
-- gaw 2004
exprSize (Case e b t as) = seqType t `seq` exprSize e + varSize b + 1 + foldr ((+) . altSize) 0 as
exprSize (Note n e)      = noteSize n + exprSize e
exprSize (Type t)        = seqType t `seq` 1

noteSize (SCC cc)       = cc `seq` 1
noteSize (Coerce t1 t2) = seqType t1 `seq` seqType t2 `seq` 1
noteSize InlineCall     = 1
noteSize InlineMe       = 1
noteSize (CoreNote s)   = s `seq` 1  -- hdaume: core annotations

varSize :: Var -> Int
varSize b  | isTyVar b = 1
           | otherwise = seqType (idType b)             `seq`
                         megaSeqIdInfo (idInfo b)       `seq`
                         1

varsSize = foldr ((+) . varSize) 0

bindSize (NonRec b e) = varSize b + exprSize e
bindSize (Rec prs)    = foldr ((+) . pairSize) 0 prs

pairSize (b,e) = varSize b + exprSize e

altSize (c,bs,e) = c `seq` varsSize bs + exprSize e
\end{code}


%************************************************************************
%*                                                                      *
\subsection{Hashing}
%*                                                                      *
%************************************************************************

\begin{code}
hashExpr :: CoreExpr -> Int
hashExpr e | hash < 0  = 77     -- Just in case we hit -maxInt
           | otherwise = hash
           where
             hash = abs (hash_expr e)   -- Negative numbers kill UniqFM

hash_expr (Note _ e)              = hash_expr e
hash_expr (Let (NonRec b r) e)    = hashId b
hash_expr (Let (Rec ((b,r):_)) e) = hashId b
-- gaw 2004
hash_expr (Case _ b _ _)          = hashId b
hash_expr (App f e)               = hash_expr f * fast_hash_expr e
hash_expr (Var v)                 = hashId v
hash_expr (Lit lit)               = hashLiteral lit
hash_expr (Lam b _)               = hashId b
hash_expr (Type t)                = trace "hash_expr: type" 1           -- Shouldn't happen

fast_hash_expr (Var v)          = hashId v
fast_hash_expr (Lit lit)        = hashLiteral lit
fast_hash_expr (App f (Type _)) = fast_hash_expr f
fast_hash_expr (App f a)        = fast_hash_expr a
fast_hash_expr (Lam b _)        = hashId b
fast_hash_expr other            = 1

hashId :: Id -> Int
hashId id = hashName (idName id)
\end{code}

%************************************************************************
%*                                                                      *
\subsection{Determining non-updatable right-hand-sides}
%*                                                                      *
%************************************************************************

Top-level constructor applications can usually be allocated
statically, but they can't if the constructor, or any of the
arguments, come from another DLL (because we can't refer to static
labels in other DLLs).

If this happens we simply make the RHS into an updatable thunk, 
and 'exectute' it rather than allocating it statically.

\begin{code}
rhsIsStatic :: DynFlags -> CoreExpr -> Bool
-- This function is called only on *top-level* right-hand sides
-- Returns True if the RHS can be allocated statically, with
-- no thunks involved at all.
--
-- It's called (i) in TidyPgm.hasCafRefs to decide if the rhs is, or
-- refers to, CAFs; and (ii) in CoreToStg to decide whether to put an
-- update flag on it.
--
-- The basic idea is that rhsIsStatic returns True only if the RHS is
--      (a) a value lambda
--      (b) a saturated constructor application with static args
--
-- BUT watch out for
--  (i) Any cross-DLL references kill static-ness completely
--      because they must be 'executed' not statically allocated
--
-- (ii) We treat partial applications as redexes, because in fact we 
--      make a thunk for them that runs and builds a PAP
--      at run-time.  The only appliations that are treated as 
--      static are *saturated* applications of constructors.

-- We used to try to be clever with nested structures like this:
--              ys = (:) w ((:) w [])
-- on the grounds that CorePrep will flatten ANF-ise it later.
-- But supporting this special case made the function much more 
-- complicated, because the special case only applies if there are no 
-- enclosing type lambdas:
--              ys = /\ a -> Foo (Baz ([] a))
-- Here the nested (Baz []) won't float out to top level in CorePrep.
--
-- But in fact, even without -O, nested structures at top level are 
-- flattened by the simplifier, so we don't need to be super-clever here.
--
-- Examples
--
--      f = \x::Int. x+7        TRUE
--      p = (True,False)        TRUE
--
--      d = (fst p, False)      FALSE because there's a redex inside
--                              (this particular one doesn't happen but...)
--
--      h = D# (1.0## /## 2.0##)        FALSE (redex again)
--      n = /\a. Nil a                  TRUE
--
--      t = /\a. (:) (case w a of ...) (Nil a)  FALSE (redex)
--
--
-- This is a bit like CoreUtils.exprIsValue, with the following differences:
--    a) scc "foo" (\x -> ...) is updatable (so we catch the right SCC)
--
--    b) (C x xs), where C is a contructors is updatable if the application is
--         dynamic
-- 
--    c) don't look through unfolding of f in (f x).
--
-- When opt_RuntimeTypes is on, we keep type lambdas and treat
-- them as making the RHS re-entrant (non-updatable).

rhsIsStatic dflags rhs = is_static False rhs
  where
  is_static :: Bool     -- True <=> in a constructor argument; must be atomic
          -> CoreExpr -> Bool
  
  is_static False (Lam b e) = isRuntimeVar b || is_static False e
  
  is_static in_arg (Note (SCC _) e) = False
  is_static in_arg (Note _ e)       = is_static in_arg e
  
  is_static in_arg (Lit lit)
    = case lit of
        MachLabel _ _ -> False
        other         -> True
        -- A MachLabel (foreign import "&foo") in an argument
        -- prevents a constructor application from being static.  The
        -- reason is that it might give rise to unresolvable symbols
        -- in the object file: under Linux, references to "weak"
        -- symbols from the data segment give rise to "unresolvable
        -- relocation" errors at link time This might be due to a bug
        -- in the linker, but we'll work around it here anyway. 
        -- SDM 24/2/2004
  
  is_static in_arg other_expr = go other_expr 0
   where
    go (Var f) n_val_args
        | not (isDllName dflags (idName f))
        =  saturated_data_con f n_val_args
        || (in_arg && n_val_args == 0)  
                -- A naked un-applied variable is *not* deemed a static RHS
                -- E.g.         f = g
                -- Reason: better to update so that the indirection gets shorted
                --         out, and the true value will be seen
                -- NB: if you change this, you'll break the invariant that THUNK_STATICs
                --     are always updatable.  If you do so, make sure that non-updatable
                --     ones have enough space for their static link field!

    go (App f a) n_val_args
        | isTypeArg a                    = go f n_val_args
        | not in_arg && is_static True a = go f (n_val_args + 1)
        -- The (not in_arg) checks that we aren't in a constructor argument;
        -- if we are, we don't allow (value) applications of any sort
        -- 
        -- NB. In case you wonder, args are sometimes not atomic.  eg.
        --   x = D# (1.0## /## 2.0##)
        -- can't float because /## can fail.

    go (Note (SCC _) f) n_val_args = False
    go (Note _ f) n_val_args       = go f n_val_args

    go other n_val_args = False

    saturated_data_con f n_val_args
        = case isDataConWorkId_maybe f of
            Just dc -> n_val_args == dataConRepArity dc
            Nothing -> False
\end{code}