\begin{code}
-{-# OPTIONS -fno-implicit-prelude #-}
+{-# OPTIONS_GHC -fno-implicit-prelude #-}
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
-- |
-- Module : GHC.IOBase
-- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
-- Coercions between IO and ST
---stToIO :: (forall s. ST s a) -> IO a
+-- | A monad transformer embedding strict state transformers in the 'IO'
+-- monad. The 'RealWorld' parameter indicates that the internal state
+-- used by the 'ST' computation is a special one supplied by the 'IO'
+-- monad, and thus distinct from those used by invocations of 'runST'.
stToIO :: ST RealWorld a -> IO a
stToIO (ST m) = IO m
ioToST :: IO a -> ST RealWorld a
ioToST (IO m) = (ST m)
+-- This relies on IO and ST having the same representation modulo the
+-- constraint on the type of the state
+--
+unsafeIOToST :: IO a -> ST s a
+unsafeIOToST (IO io) = ST $ \ s -> (unsafeCoerce# io) s
+
-- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
-- Unsafe IO operations
>
> main = do
> writeIORef test [42]
-> bang \<- readIORef test
+> bang <- readIORef test
> print (bang :: [Char])
This program will core dump. This problem with polymorphic references
unsafePerformIO :: IO a -> a
unsafePerformIO (IO m) = case m realWorld# of (# _, r #) -> r
+-- Why do we NOINLINE unsafePerformIO? See the comment with
+-- GHC.ST.runST. Essentially the issue is that the IO computation
+-- inside unsafePerformIO must be atomic: it must either all run, or
+-- not at all. If we let the compiler see the application of the IO
+-- to realWorld#, it might float out part of the IO.
+
{-|
'unsafeInterleaveIO' allows 'IO' computation to be deferred lazily.
When passed a value of type @IO a@, the 'IO' will only be performed
when the value of the @a@ is demanded. This is used to implement lazy
file reading, see 'System.IO.hGetContents'.
-}
-{-# NOINLINE unsafeInterleaveIO #-}
+{-# INLINE unsafeInterleaveIO #-}
unsafeInterleaveIO :: IO a -> IO a
unsafeInterleaveIO (IO m)
= IO ( \ s -> let
in
(# s, r #))
+-- We believe that INLINE on unsafeInterleaveIO is safe, because the
+-- state from this IO thread is passed explicitly to the interleaved
+-- IO, so it cannot be floated out and shared.
+
-- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
-- Handle type
-- Note: when a Handle is garbage collected, we want to flush its buffer
-- and close the OS file handle, so as to free up a (precious) resource.
+-- | Haskell defines operations to read and write characters from and to files,
+-- represented by values of type @Handle@. Each value of this type is a
+-- /handle/: a record used by the Haskell run-time system to /manage/ I\/O
+-- with file system objects. A handle has at least the following properties:
+--
+-- * whether it manages input or output or both;
+--
+-- * whether it is /open/, /closed/ or /semi-closed/;
+--
+-- * whether the object is seekable;
+--
+-- * whether buffering is disabled, or enabled on a line or block basis;
+--
+-- * a buffer (whose length may be zero).
+--
+-- Most handles will also have a current I\/O position indicating where the next
+-- input or output operation will occur. A handle is /readable/ if it
+-- manages only input or both input and output; likewise, it is /writable/ if
+-- it manages only output or both input and output. A handle is /open/ when
+-- first allocated.
+-- Once it is closed it can no longer be used for either input or output,
+-- though an implementation cannot re-use its storage while references
+-- remain to it. Handles are in the 'Show' and 'Eq' classes. The string
+-- produced by showing a handle is system dependent; it should include
+-- enough information to identify the handle for debugging. A handle is
+-- equal according to '==' only to itself; no attempt
+-- is made to compare the internal state of different handles for equality.
+--
+-- GHC note: a 'Handle' will be automatically closed when the garbage
+-- collector detects that it has become unreferenced by the program.
+-- However, relying on this behaviour is not generally recommended:
+-- the garbage collector is unpredictable. If possible, use explicit
+-- an explicit 'hClose' to close 'Handle's when they are no longer
+-- required. GHC does not currently attempt to free up file
+-- descriptors when they have run out, it is your responsibility to
+-- ensure that this doesn't happen.
+
data Handle
= FileHandle -- A normal handle to a file
+ FilePath -- the file (invariant)
!(MVar Handle__)
| DuplexHandle -- A handle to a read/write stream
+ FilePath -- file for a FIFO, otherwise some
+ -- descriptive string.
!(MVar Handle__) -- The read side
!(MVar Handle__) -- The write side
-- seekable.
instance Eq Handle where
- (FileHandle h1) == (FileHandle h2) = h1 == h2
- (DuplexHandle h1 _) == (DuplexHandle h2 _) = h1 == h2
+ (FileHandle _ h1) == (FileHandle _ h2) = h1 == h2
+ (DuplexHandle _ h1 _) == (DuplexHandle _ h2 _) = h1 == h2
_ == _ = False
type FD = Int -- XXX ToDo: should be CInt
haIsBin :: Bool, -- binary mode?
haIsStream :: Bool, -- is this a stream handle?
haBufferMode :: BufferMode, -- buffer contains read/write data?
- haFilePath :: FilePath, -- file name, possibly
haBuffer :: !(IORef Buffer), -- the current buffer
haBuffers :: !(IORef BufferList), -- spare buffers
haOtherSide :: Maybe (MVar Handle__) -- ptr to the write side of a
isWritableHandleType ReadWriteHandle = True
isWritableHandleType _ = False
--- File names are specified using @FilePath@, a OS-dependent
--- string that (hopefully, I guess) maps to an accessible file/object.
+-- | File and directory names are values of type 'String', whose precise
+-- meaning is operating system dependent. Files can be opened, yielding a
+-- handle which can then be used to operate on the contents of that file.
type FilePath = String
-- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
-- Buffering modes
--- Three kinds of buffering are supported: line-buffering,
+-- | Three kinds of buffering are supported: line-buffering,
-- block-buffering or no-buffering. These modes have the following
--- effects. For output, items are written out from the internal
--- buffer according to the buffer mode:
+-- effects. For output, items are written out, or /flushed/,
+-- from the internal buffer according to the buffer mode:
--
--- o line-buffering the entire output buffer is written
--- out whenever a newline is output, the output buffer overflows,
--- a flush is issued, or the handle is closed.
+-- * /line-buffering/: the entire output buffer is flushed
+-- whenever a newline is output, the buffer overflows,
+-- a 'System.IO.hFlush' is issued, or the handle is closed.
--
--- o block-buffering the entire output buffer is written out whenever
--- it overflows, a flush is issued, or the handle
--- is closed.
+-- * /block-buffering/: the entire buffer is written out whenever it
+-- overflows, a 'System.IO.hFlush' is issued, or the handle is closed.
--
--- o no-buffering output is written immediately, and never stored
--- in the output buffer.
+-- * /no-buffering/: output is written immediately, and never stored
+-- in the buffer.
--
+-- An implementation is free to flush the buffer more frequently,
+-- but not less frequently, than specified above.
-- The output buffer is emptied as soon as it has been written out.
-
--- Similarly, input occurs according to the buffer mode for handle {\em hdl}.
-
--- o line-buffering when the input buffer for the handle is not empty,
--- the next item is obtained from the buffer;
--- otherwise, when the input buffer is empty,
--- characters up to and including the next newline
--- character are read into the buffer. No characters
--- are available until the newline character is
--- available.
--
--- o block-buffering when the input buffer for the handle becomes empty,
--- the next block of data is read into this buffer.
+-- Similarly, input occurs according to the buffer mode for the handle:
--
--- o no-buffering the next input item is read and returned.
-
+-- * /line-buffering/: when the buffer for the handle is not empty,
+-- the next item is obtained from the buffer; otherwise, when the
+-- buffer is empty, characters up to and including the next newline
+-- character are read into the buffer. No characters are available
+-- until the newline character is available or the buffer is full.
+--
+-- * /block-buffering/: when the buffer for the handle becomes empty,
+-- the next block of data is read into the buffer.
+--
+-- * /no-buffering/: the next input item is read and returned.
+-- The 'System.IO.hLookAhead' operation implies that even a no-buffered
+-- handle may require a one-character buffer.
+--
+-- The default buffering mode when a handle is opened is
+-- implementation-dependent and may depend on the file system object
+-- which is attached to that handle.
-- For most implementations, physical files will normally be block-buffered
--- and terminals will normally be line-buffered. (the IO interface provides
--- operations for changing the default buffering of a handle tho.)
+-- and terminals will normally be line-buffered.
data BufferMode
- = NoBuffering | LineBuffering | BlockBuffering (Maybe Int)
+ = NoBuffering -- ^ buffering is disabled if possible.
+ | LineBuffering
+ -- ^ line-buffering should be enabled if possible.
+ | BlockBuffering (Maybe Int)
+ -- ^ block-buffering should be enabled if possible.
+ -- The size of the buffer is @n@ items if the argument
+ -- is 'Just' @n@ and is otherwise implementation-dependent.
deriving (Eq, Ord, Read, Show)
-- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
-- IORefs
-- |A mutable variable in the 'IO' monad
-newtype IORef a = IORef (STRef RealWorld a) deriving Eq
+newtype IORef a = IORef (STRef RealWorld a)
+
+-- explicit instance because Haddock can't figure out a derived one
+instance Eq (IORef a) where
+ IORef x == IORef y = x == y
-- |Build a new 'IORef'
newIORef :: a -> IO (IORef a)
--
--
-newtype IOArray i e = IOArray (STArray RealWorld i e) deriving Eq
+newtype IOArray i e = IOArray (STArray RealWorld i e)
+
+-- explicit instance because Haddock can't figure out a derived one
+instance Eq (IOArray i e) where
+ IOArray x == IOArray y = x == y
-- |Build a new 'IOArray'
newIOArray :: Ix i => (i,i) -> e -> IO (IOArray i e)
ReadWriteHandle -> showString "read-writable"
instance Show Handle where
- showsPrec p (FileHandle h) = showHandle p h False
- showsPrec p (DuplexHandle _ h) = showHandle p h True
-
-showHandle p h duplex =
- let
- -- (Big) SIGH: unfolded defn of takeMVar to avoid
- -- an (oh-so) unfortunate module loop with GHC.Conc.
- hdl_ = unsafePerformIO (IO $ \ s# ->
- case h of { MVar h# ->
- case takeMVar# h# s# of { (# s2# , r #) ->
- case putMVar# h# r s2# of { s3# ->
- (# s3#, r #) }}})
-
- showType | duplex = showString "duplex (read-write)"
- | otherwise = showsPrec p (haType hdl_)
- in
- showChar '{' .
- showHdl (haType hdl_)
- (showString "loc=" . showString (haFilePath hdl_) . showChar ',' .
- showString "type=" . showType . showChar ',' .
- showString "binary=" . showsPrec p (haIsBin hdl_) . showChar ',' .
- showString "buffering=" . showBufMode (unsafePerformIO (readIORef (haBuffer hdl_))) (haBufferMode hdl_) . showString "}" )
- where
-
- showHdl :: HandleType -> ShowS -> ShowS
- showHdl ht cont =
- case ht of
- ClosedHandle -> showsPrec p ht . showString "}"
- _ -> cont
-
- showBufMode :: Buffer -> BufferMode -> ShowS
- showBufMode buf bmo =
- case bmo of
- NoBuffering -> showString "none"
- LineBuffering -> showString "line"
- BlockBuffering (Just n) -> showString "block " . showParen True (showsPrec p n)
- BlockBuffering Nothing -> showString "block " . showParen True (showsPrec p def)
- where
- def :: Int
- def = bufSize buf
+ showsPrec p (FileHandle file _) = showHandle file
+ showsPrec p (DuplexHandle file _ _) = showHandle file
+
+showHandle file = showString "{handle: " . showString file . showString "}"
-- ------------------------------------------------------------------------
-- Exception datatype and operations
-- |The type of exceptions. Every kind of system-generated exception
-- has a constructor in the 'Exception' type, and values of other
-- types may be injected into 'Exception' by coercing them to
--- 'Dynamic' (see the section on Dynamic Exceptions: "Control.Exception\#DynamicExceptions").
+-- 'Data.Dynamic.Dynamic' (see the section on Dynamic Exceptions:
+-- "Control.Exception\#DynamicExceptions").
data Exception
= ArithException ArithException
-- ^Exceptions raised by arithmetic
-- ^Asynchronous exceptions (see section on Asynchronous Exceptions: "Control.Exception\#AsynchronousExceptions").
| BlockedOnDeadMVar
-- ^The current thread was executing a call to
- -- 'takeMVar' that could never return, because there are no other
- -- references to this 'MVar'.
+ -- 'Control.Concurrent.MVar.takeMVar' that could never return,
+ -- because there are no other references to this 'MVar'.
+ | BlockedIndefinitely
+ -- ^The current thread was waiting to retry an atomic memory transaction
+ -- that could never become possible to complete because there are no other
+ -- threads referring to any of teh TVars involved.
| Deadlock
-- ^There are no runnable threads, so the program is
-- deadlocked. The 'Deadlock' exception is
-- argument of 'ErrorCall' is the string passed to 'error' when it was
-- called.
| ExitException ExitCode
- -- ^The 'ExitException' exception is thrown by 'System.exitWith' (and
- -- 'System.exitFailure'). The 'ExitCode' argument is the value passed
- -- to 'System.exitWith'. An unhandled 'ExitException' exception in the
+ -- ^The 'ExitException' exception is thrown by 'System.Exit.exitWith' (and
+ -- 'System.Exit.exitFailure'). The 'ExitCode' argument is the value passed
+ -- to 'System.Exit.exitWith'. An unhandled 'ExitException' exception in the
-- main thread will cause the program to be terminated with the given
-- exit code.
| IOException IOException
-- * GHC currently does not throw 'HeapOverflow' exceptions.
| ThreadKilled
-- ^This exception is raised by another thread
- -- calling 'killThread', or by the system
+ -- calling 'Control.Concurrent.killThread', or by the system
-- if it needs to terminate the thread for some
-- reason.
deriving (Eq, Ord)
showsPrec _ (DynException _err) = showString "unknown exception"
showsPrec _ (AsyncException e) = shows e
showsPrec _ (BlockedOnDeadMVar) = showString "thread blocked indefinitely"
+ showsPrec _ (BlockedIndefinitely) = showString "thread blocked indefinitely"
showsPrec _ (NonTermination) = showString "<<loop>>"
showsPrec _ (Deadlock) = showString "<<deadlock>>"
-- -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
-- The ExitCode type
--- The `ExitCode' type defines the exit codes that a program
--- can return. `ExitSuccess' indicates successful termination;
--- and `ExitFailure code' indicates program failure
--- with value `code'. The exact interpretation of `code'
--- is operating-system dependent. In particular, some values of
--- `code' may be prohibited (e.g. 0 on a POSIX-compliant system).
-
-- We need it here because it is used in ExitException in the
-- Exception datatype (above).
-data ExitCode = ExitSuccess | ExitFailure Int
- deriving (Eq, Ord, Read, Show)
+data ExitCode
+ = ExitSuccess -- ^ indicates successful termination;
+ | ExitFailure Int
+ -- ^ indicates program failure with an exit code.
+ -- The exact interpretation of the code is
+ -- operating-system dependent. In particular, some values
+ -- may be prohibited (e.g. 0 on a POSIX-compliant system).
+ deriving (Eq, Ord, Read, Show)
-- --------------------------------------------------------------------------
-- Primitive throw
-- raise an exception within the 'IO' monad because it guarantees
-- ordering with respect to other 'IO' operations, whereas 'throw'
-- does not.
-throwIO :: Exception -> IO a
-throwIO err = IO $ \s -> throw err s
+throwIO :: Exception -> IO a
+throwIO err = IO $ raiseIO# err
ioException :: IOException -> IO a
-ioException err = IO $ \s -> throw (IOException err) s
+ioException err = IO $ raiseIO# (IOException err)
+-- | Raise an 'IOError' in the 'IO' monad.
ioError :: IOError -> IO a
ioError = ioException
-- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
-- IOError type
--- | The Haskell 98 type for exceptions in the @IO@ monad.
+-- | The Haskell 98 type for exceptions in the 'IO' monad.
+-- Any I\/O operation may raise an 'IOError' instead of returning a result.
+-- For a more general type of exception, including also those that arise
+-- in pure code, see 'Control.Exception.Exception'.
+--
-- In Haskell 98, this is an opaque type.
type IOError = IOException
(IOError h1 e1 loc1 str1 fn1) == (IOError h2 e2 loc2 str2 fn2) =
e1==e2 && str1==str2 && h1==h2 && loc1==loc2 && fn1==fn2
+-- | An abstract type that contains a value for each variant of 'IOError'.
data IOErrorType
-- Haskell 98:
= AlreadyExists
UnsupportedOperation -> "unsupported operation"
DynIOError{} -> "unknown IO error"
+-- | Construct an 'IOError' value with a string describing the error.
+-- The 'fail' method of the 'IO' instance of the 'Monad' class raises a
+-- 'userError', thus:
+--
+-- > instance Monad IO where
+-- > ...
+-- > fail s = ioError (userError s)
+--
userError :: String -> IOError
userError str = IOError Nothing UserError "" str Nothing
instance Show IOException where
showsPrec p (IOError hdl iot loc s fn) =
- showsPrec p iot .
+ (case fn of
+ Nothing -> case hdl of
+ Nothing -> id
+ Just h -> showsPrec p h . showString ": "
+ Just name -> showString name . showString ": ") .
(case loc of
"" -> id
- _ -> showString "\nAction: " . showString loc) .
- (case hdl of
- Nothing -> id
- Just h -> showString "\nHandle: " . showsPrec p h) .
+ _ -> showString loc . showString ": ") .
+ showsPrec p iot .
(case s of
"" -> id
- _ -> showString "\nReason: " . showString s) .
- (case fn of
- Nothing -> id
- Just name -> showString "\nFile: " . showString name)
+ _ -> showString " (" . showString s . showString ")")
-- -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
-- IOMode type
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