import MkId ( mkImpossibleExpr, seqId )
import Var
import IdInfo
+import Name ( mkSystemVarName )
import Coercion
import FamInstEnv ( topNormaliseType )
import DataCon ( DataCon, dataConWorkId, dataConRepStrictness )
import PrelInfo ( realWorldPrimId )
import BasicTypes ( TopLevelFlag(..), isTopLevel,
RecFlag(..), isNonRuleLoopBreaker )
-import MonadUtils ( foldlM )
+import MonadUtils ( foldlM, mapAccumLM )
import Maybes ( orElse )
import Data.List ( mapAccumL )
import Outputable
-- See Note [Floating and type abstraction] in SimplUtils
-- Simplify the RHS
- ; (body_env1, body1) <- simplExprF body_env body mkBoringStop
-
+ ; (body_env1, body1) <- simplExprF body_env body mkRhsStop
-- ANF-ise a constructor or PAP rhs
- ; (body_env2, body2) <- prepareRhs body_env1 body1
+ ; (body_env2, body2) <- prepareRhs body_env1 bndr1 body1
; (env', rhs')
<- if not (doFloatFromRhs top_lvl is_rec False body2 body_env2)
-> SimplM SimplEnv
completeNonRecX env is_strict old_bndr new_bndr new_rhs
- = do { (env1, rhs1) <- prepareRhs (zapFloats env) new_rhs
+ = do { (env1, rhs1) <- prepareRhs (zapFloats env) new_bndr new_rhs
; (env2, rhs2) <-
if doFloatFromRhs NotTopLevel NonRecursive is_strict rhs1 env1
then do { tick LetFloatFromLet
That's what the 'go' loop in prepareRhs does
\begin{code}
-prepareRhs :: SimplEnv -> OutExpr -> SimplM (SimplEnv, OutExpr)
+prepareRhs :: SimplEnv -> OutId -> OutExpr -> SimplM (SimplEnv, OutExpr)
-- Adds new floats to the env iff that allows us to return a good RHS
-prepareRhs env (Cast rhs co) -- Note [Float coercions]
+prepareRhs env id (Cast rhs co) -- Note [Float coercions]
| (ty1, _ty2) <- coercionKind co -- Do *not* do this if rhs has an unlifted type
, not (isUnLiftedType ty1) -- see Note [Float coercions (unlifted)]
- = do { (env', rhs') <- makeTrivial env rhs
+ = do { (env', rhs') <- makeTrivialWithInfo env sanitised_info rhs
; return (env', Cast rhs' co) }
+ where
+ sanitised_info = vanillaIdInfo `setNewStrictnessInfo` newStrictnessInfo info
+ `setNewDemandInfo` newDemandInfo info
+ info = idInfo id
-prepareRhs env0 rhs0
+prepareRhs env0 _ rhs0
= do { (_is_val, env1, rhs1) <- go 0 env0 rhs0
; return (env1, rhs1) }
where
go n = case x of { T m -> go (n-m) }
-- This case should optimise
+Note [Preserve strictness when floating coercions]
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+In the Note [Float coercions] transformation, keep the strictness info.
+Eg
+ f = e `cast` co -- f has strictness SSL
+When we transform to
+ f' = e -- f' also has strictness SSL
+ f = f' `cast` co -- f still has strictness SSL
+
+Its not wrong to drop it on the floor, but better to keep it.
+
Note [Float coercions (unlifted)]
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
BUT don't do [Float coercions] if 'e' has an unlifted type.
\begin{code}
makeTrivial :: SimplEnv -> OutExpr -> SimplM (SimplEnv, OutExpr)
-- Binds the expression to a variable, if it's not trivial, returning the variable
-makeTrivial env expr
+makeTrivial env expr = makeTrivialWithInfo env vanillaIdInfo expr
+
+makeTrivialWithInfo :: SimplEnv -> IdInfo -> OutExpr -> SimplM (SimplEnv, OutExpr)
+-- Propagate strictness and demand info to the new binder
+-- Note [Preserve strictness when floating coercions]
+makeTrivialWithInfo env info expr
| exprIsTrivial expr
= return (env, expr)
| otherwise -- See Note [Take care] below
- = do { var <- newId (fsLit "a") (exprType expr)
+ = do { uniq <- getUniqueM
+ ; let name = mkSystemVarName uniq (fsLit "a")
+ var = mkLocalIdWithInfo name (exprType expr) info
; env' <- completeNonRecX env False var var expr
--- pprTrace "makeTrivial" (vcat [ppr var <+> ppr (exprArity (substExpr env' (Var var)))
--- , ppr expr
--- , ppr (substExpr env' (Var var))
--- , ppr (idArity (fromJust (lookupInScope (seInScope env') var))) ]) $
; return (env', substExpr env' (Var var)) }
-- The substitution is needed becase we're constructing a new binding
-- a = rhs
; if postInlineUnconditionally env top_lvl new_bndr occ_info new_rhs new_unfolding
-- Inline and discard the binding
then do { tick (PostInlineUnconditionally old_bndr)
- ; return (extendIdSubst env old_bndr (DoneEx new_rhs)) }
+ ; return (extendIdSubst env old_bndr (DoneEx new_rhs)) }
-- Use the substitution to make quite, quite sure that the
-- substitution will happen, since we are going to discard the binding
simplUnfolding env top_lvl _ _ _
(CoreUnfolding { uf_tmpl = expr, uf_arity = arity
, uf_guidance = guide@(InlineRule {}) })
- = do { expr' <- simplExpr (setMode SimplGently env) expr
+ = do { expr' <- simplExpr (updMode updModeForInlineRules env) expr
-- See Note [Simplifying gently inside InlineRules] in SimplUtils
; let mb_wkr' = CoreSubst.substInlineRuleInfo (mkCoreSubst env) (ir_info guide)
; return (mkCoreUnfolding (isTopLevel top_lvl) expr' arity
Stop {} -> return (env, expr)
CoerceIt co cont -> rebuild env (mkCoerce co expr) cont
Select _ bndr alts se cont -> rebuildCase (se `setFloats` env) expr bndr alts cont
- StrictArg fun _ info cont -> rebuildCall env (fun `App` expr) info cont
+ StrictArg info _ cont -> rebuildCall env (info `addArgTo` expr) cont
StrictBind b bs body se cont -> do { env' <- simplNonRecX (se `setFloats` env) b expr
; simplLam env' bs body cont }
ApplyTo _ arg se cont -> do { arg' <- simplExpr (se `setInScope` env) arg
add_coerce co (s1s2, _t1t2) (ApplyTo dup (Type arg_ty) arg_se cont)
-- (f |> g) ty ---> (f ty) |> (g @ ty)
- -- This implements the PushT rule from the paper
+ -- This implements the PushT and PushC rules from the paper
| Just (tyvar,_) <- splitForAllTy_maybe s1s2
- , not (isCoVar tyvar)
- = ApplyTo dup (Type ty') (zapSubstEnv env) (addCoerce (mkInstCoercion co ty') cont)
+ = let
+ (new_arg_ty, new_cast)
+ | isCoVar tyvar = (new_arg_co, mkCselRCoercion co) -- PushC rule
+ | otherwise = (ty', mkInstCoercion co ty') -- PushT rule
+ in
+ ApplyTo dup (Type new_arg_ty) (zapSubstEnv arg_se) (addCoerce new_cast cont)
where
ty' = substTy (arg_se `setInScope` env) arg_ty
-
- -- ToDo: the PushC rule is not implemented at all
+ new_arg_co = mkCsel1Coercion co `mkTransCoercion`
+ ty' `mkTransCoercion`
+ mkSymCoercion (mkCsel2Coercion co)
add_coerce co (s1s2, _t1t2) (ApplyTo dup arg arg_se cont)
| not (isTypeArg arg) -- This implements the Push rule from the paper
-- But it isn't a common case.
--
-- Example of use: Trac #995
- = ApplyTo dup new_arg (zapSubstEnv env) (addCoerce co2 cont)
+ = ApplyTo dup new_arg (zapSubstEnv arg_se) (addCoerce co2 cont)
where
-- we split coercion t1->t2 ~ s1->s2 into t1 ~ s1 and
-- t2 ~ s2 with left and right on the curried form:
= case substId env var of
DoneEx e -> simplExprF (zapSubstEnv env) e cont
ContEx tvs ids e -> simplExprF (setSubstEnv env tvs ids) e cont
- DoneId var1 -> completeCall (zapSubstEnv env) var1 cont
+ DoneId var1 -> completeCall env var1 cont
-- Note [zapSubstEnv]
-- The template is already simplified, so don't re-substitute.
-- This is VITAL. Consider
completeCall :: SimplEnv -> Id -> SimplCont -> SimplM (SimplEnv, OutExpr)
completeCall env var cont
- = do { let (args,call_cont) = contArgs cont
+ = do { ------------- Try inlining ----------------
+ dflags <- getDOptsSmpl
+ ; let (args,call_cont) = contArgs cont
-- The args are OutExprs, obtained by *lazily* substituting
-- in the args found in cont. These args are only examined
-- to limited depth (unless a rule fires). But we must do
-- the substitution; rule matching on un-simplified args would
-- be bogus
- ------------- First try rules ----------------
- -- Do this before trying inlining. Some functions have
- -- rules *and* are strict; in this case, we don't want to
- -- inline the wrapper of the non-specialised thing; better
- -- to call the specialised thing instead.
- --
- -- We used to use the black-listing mechanism to ensure that inlining of
- -- the wrapper didn't occur for things that have specialisations till a
- -- later phase, so but now we just try RULES first
- --
- -- See also Note [Rules for recursive functions]
- ; rule_base <- getSimplRules
- ; let rules = getRules rule_base var
- ; mb_rule <- tryRules env var rules args call_cont
- ; case mb_rule of {
- Just (n_args, rule_rhs) -> simplExprF env rule_rhs (dropArgs n_args cont) ;
- -- The ruleArity says how many args the rule consumed
- ; Nothing -> do -- No rules
-
-
- ------------- Next try inlining ----------------
- { dflags <- getDOptsSmpl
- ; let arg_infos = [interestingArg arg | arg <- args, isValArg arg]
- n_val_args = length arg_infos
- interesting_cont = interestingCallContext call_cont
- active_inline = activeInline env var
- maybe_inline = callSiteInline dflags active_inline var
- (null args) arg_infos interesting_cont
+ arg_infos = [interestingArg arg | arg <- args, isValArg arg]
+ n_val_args = length arg_infos
+ interesting_cont = interestingCallContext call_cont
+ active_inline = activeInline env var
+ maybe_inline = callSiteInline dflags active_inline var
+ (null args) arg_infos interesting_cont
; case maybe_inline of {
Just unfolding -- There is an inlining!
-> do { tick (UnfoldingDone var)
text "Cont: " <+> ppr call_cont])
else
id)
- simplExprF env unfolding cont }
+ simplExprF (zapSubstEnv env) unfolding cont }
- ; Nothing -> -- No inlining!
+ ; Nothing -> do -- No inlining!
- ------------- No inlining! ----------------
- -- Next, look for rules or specialisations that match
- --
- rebuildCall env (Var var)
- (mkArgInfo var rules n_val_args call_cont)
- cont
- }}}}
+ { rule_base <- getSimplRules
+ ; let info = mkArgInfo var (getRules rule_base var) n_val_args call_cont
+ ; rebuildCall env info cont
+ }}}
rebuildCall :: SimplEnv
- -> OutExpr -- Function
-> ArgInfo
-> SimplCont
-> SimplM (SimplEnv, OutExpr)
-rebuildCall env fun (ArgInfo { ai_strs = [] }) cont
+rebuildCall env (ArgInfo { ai_fun = fun, ai_args = rev_args, ai_strs = [] }) cont
-- When we run out of strictness args, it means
-- that the call is definitely bottom; see SimplUtils.mkArgInfo
-- Then we want to discard the entire strict continuation. E.g.
-- the continuation, leaving just the bottoming expression. But the
-- type might not be right, so we may have to add a coerce.
| not (contIsTrivial cont) -- Only do this if there is a non-trivial
- = return (env, mk_coerce fun) -- contination to discard, else we do it
+ = return (env, mk_coerce res) -- contination to discard, else we do it
where -- again and again!
- fun_ty = exprType fun
- cont_ty = contResultType env fun_ty cont
- co = mkUnsafeCoercion fun_ty cont_ty
- mk_coerce expr | cont_ty `coreEqType` fun_ty = expr
+ res = mkApps (Var fun) (reverse rev_args)
+ res_ty = exprType res
+ cont_ty = contResultType env res_ty cont
+ co = mkUnsafeCoercion res_ty cont_ty
+ mk_coerce expr | cont_ty `coreEqType` res_ty = expr
| otherwise = mkCoerce co expr
-rebuildCall env fun info (ApplyTo _ (Type arg_ty) se cont)
+rebuildCall env info (ApplyTo _ (Type arg_ty) se cont)
= do { ty' <- simplCoercion (se `setInScope` env) arg_ty
- ; rebuildCall env (fun `App` Type ty') info cont }
+ ; rebuildCall env (info `addArgTo` Type ty') cont }
-rebuildCall env fun
- (ArgInfo { ai_rules = has_rules, ai_strs = str:strs, ai_discs = disc:discs })
- (ApplyTo _ arg arg_se cont)
+rebuildCall env info@(ArgInfo { ai_encl = encl_rules
+ , ai_strs = str:strs, ai_discs = disc:discs })
+ (ApplyTo _ arg arg_se cont)
| str -- Strict argument
= -- pprTrace "Strict Arg" (ppr arg $$ ppr (seIdSubst env) $$ ppr (seInScope env)) $
simplExprF (arg_se `setFloats` env) arg
- (StrictArg fun cci arg_info' cont)
+ (StrictArg info' cci cont)
-- Note [Shadowing]
| otherwise -- Lazy argument
-- floating a demanded let.
= do { arg' <- simplExprC (arg_se `setInScope` env) arg
(mkLazyArgStop cci)
- ; rebuildCall env (fun `App` arg') arg_info' cont }
+ ; rebuildCall env (addArgTo info' arg') cont }
where
- arg_info' = ArgInfo { ai_rules = has_rules, ai_strs = strs, ai_discs = discs }
- cci | has_rules || disc > 0 = ArgCtxt has_rules disc -- Be keener here
- | otherwise = BoringCtxt -- Nothing interesting
-
-rebuildCall env fun _ cont
- = rebuild env fun cont
+ info' = info { ai_strs = strs, ai_discs = discs }
+ cci | encl_rules || disc > 0 = ArgCtxt encl_rules -- Be keener here
+ | otherwise = BoringCtxt -- Nothing interesting
+
+rebuildCall env (ArgInfo { ai_fun = fun, ai_args = rev_args, ai_rules = rules }) cont
+ = do { -- We've accumulated a simplified call in <fun,rev_args>
+ -- so try rewrite rules; see Note [RULEs apply to simplified arguments]
+ -- See also Note [Rules for recursive functions]
+ ; let args = reverse rev_args
+ env' = zapSubstEnv env
+ ; mb_rule <- tryRules env rules fun args cont
+ ; case mb_rule of {
+ Just (n_args, rule_rhs) -> simplExprF env' rule_rhs $
+ pushArgs env' (drop n_args args) cont ;
+ -- n_args says how many args the rule consumed
+ ; Nothing -> rebuild env (mkApps (Var fun) args) cont -- No rules
+ } }
\end{code}
+Note [RULES apply to simplified arguments]
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+It's very desirable to try RULES once the arguments have been simplified, because
+doing so ensures that rule cascades work in one pass. Consider
+ {-# RULES g (h x) = k x
+ f (k x) = x #-}
+ ...f (g (h x))...
+Then we want to rewrite (g (h x)) to (k x) and only then try f's rules. If
+we match f's rules against the un-simplified RHS, it won't match. This
+makes a particularly big difference when superclass selectors are involved:
+ op ($p1 ($p2 (df d)))
+We want all this to unravel in one sweeep.
+
Note [Shadowing]
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
This part of the simplifier may break the no-shadowing invariant
%************************************************************************
\begin{code}
-tryRules :: SimplEnv
- -> Id -> [CoreRule] -> [OutExpr] -> SimplCont
+tryRules :: SimplEnv -> [CoreRule]
+ -> Id -> [OutExpr] -> SimplCont
-> SimplM (Maybe (Arity, CoreExpr)) -- The arity is the number of
-- args consumed by the rule
-tryRules env fn rules args call_cont
+tryRules env rules fn args call_cont
| null rules
= return Nothing
| otherwise
; case activeRule dflags env of {
Nothing -> return Nothing ; -- No rules apply
Just act_fn ->
-
case lookupRule act_fn (getInScope env) fn args rules of {
Nothing -> return Nothing ; -- No rule matches
Just (rule, rule_rhs) ->
-- exprOkForSpeculation was intended for.
var_demanded_later _ = False
+--------------------------------------------------
+-- 3. Try seq rules; see Note [User-defined RULES for seq] in MkId
+--------------------------------------------------
+
rebuildCase env scrut case_bndr alts@[(_, bndrs, rhs)] cont
| all isDeadBinder (case_bndr : bndrs) -- So this is just 'seq'
- = -- For this case, see Note [User-defined RULES for seq] in MkId
- do { let rhs' = substExpr env rhs
+ = do { let rhs' = substExpr env rhs
out_args = [Type (substTy env (idType case_bndr)),
Type (exprType rhs'), scrut, rhs']
-- Lazily evaluated, so we don't do most of this
; rule_base <- getSimplRules
- ; let rules = getRules rule_base seqId
- ; mb_rule <- tryRules env seqId rules out_args cont
+ ; mb_rule <- tryRules env (getRules rule_base seqId) seqId out_args cont
; case mb_rule of
Just (n_args, res) -> simplExprF (zapSubstEnv env)
(mkApps res (drop n_args out_args))
-- Check for empty alternatives
; if null alts' then missingAlt env case_bndr alts cont
else do
- { case_expr <- mkCase scrut' case_bndr' alts'
+ { dflags <- getDOptsSmpl
+ ; case_expr <- mkCase dflags scrut' case_bndr' alts'
- -- Notice that rebuild gets the in-scope set from env, not alt_env
+ -- Notice that rebuild gets the in-scope set from env', not alt_env
+ -- (which in any case is only build in simplAlts)
-- The case binder *not* scope over the whole returned case-expression
; rebuild env' case_expr nodup_cont } }
\end{code}
robust here. (Otherwise, there's a danger that we'll simply drop the
'seq' altogether, before LiberateCase gets to see it.)
-
-\begin{code}
-improveSeq :: (FamInstEnv, FamInstEnv) -> SimplEnv
- -> OutExpr -> InId -> OutId -> [InAlt]
- -> SimplM (SimplEnv, OutExpr, OutId)
--- Note [Improving seq]
-improveSeq fam_envs env scrut case_bndr case_bndr1 [(DEFAULT,_,_)]
- | not (isDeadBinder case_bndr) -- Not a pure seq! See the Note!
- , Just (co, ty2) <- topNormaliseType fam_envs (idType case_bndr1)
- = do { case_bndr2 <- newId (fsLit "nt") ty2
- ; let rhs = DoneEx (Var case_bndr2 `Cast` mkSymCoercion co)
- env2 = extendIdSubst env case_bndr rhs
- ; return (env2, scrut `Cast` co, case_bndr2) }
-
-improveSeq _ env scrut _ case_bndr1 _
- = return (env, scrut, case_bndr1)
-
-{-
- improve_case_bndr env scrut case_bndr
- -- See Note [no-case-of-case]
- -- | switchIsOn (getSwitchChecker env) NoCaseOfCase
- -- = (env, case_bndr)
-
- | otherwise -- Failed try; see Note [Suppressing the case binder-swap]
- -- not (isEvaldUnfolding (idUnfolding v))
- = case scrut of
- Var v -> (modifyInScope env1 v case_bndr', case_bndr')
- -- Note about using modifyInScope for v here
- -- We could extend the substitution instead, but it would be
- -- a hack because then the substitution wouldn't be idempotent
- -- any more (v is an OutId). And this does just as well.
-
- Cast (Var v) co -> (addBinderUnfolding env1 v rhs, case_bndr')
- where
- rhs = Cast (Var case_bndr') (mkSymCoercion co)
-
- _ -> (env, case_bndr)
- where
- case_bndr' = zapIdOccInfo case_bndr
- env1 = modifyInScope env case_bndr case_bndr'
--}
-\end{code}
-
-
-simplAlts does two things:
-
-1. Eliminate alternatives that cannot match, including the
- DEFAULT alternative.
-
-2. If the DEFAULT alternative can match only one possible constructor,
- then make that constructor explicit.
- e.g.
- case e of x { DEFAULT -> rhs }
- ===>
- case e of x { (a,b) -> rhs }
- where the type is a single constructor type. This gives better code
- when rhs also scrutinises x or e.
-
-Here "cannot match" includes knowledge from GADTs
-
-It's a good idea do do this stuff before simplifying the alternatives, to
-avoid simplifying alternatives we know can't happen, and to come up with
-the list of constructors that are handled, to put into the IdInfo of the
-case binder, for use when simplifying the alternatives.
-
-Eliminating the default alternative in (1) isn't so obvious, but it can
-happen:
-
-data Colour = Red | Green | Blue
-
-f x = case x of
- Red -> ..
- Green -> ..
- DEFAULT -> h x
-
-h y = case y of
- Blue -> ..
- DEFAULT -> [ case y of ... ]
-
-If we inline h into f, the default case of the inlined h can't happen.
-If we don't notice this, we may end up filtering out *all* the cases
-of the inner case y, which give us nowhere to go!
-
-
\begin{code}
simplAlts :: SimplEnv
-> OutExpr
-> SimplCont
-> SimplM (OutExpr, OutId, [OutAlt]) -- Includes the continuation
-- Like simplExpr, this just returns the simplified alternatives;
--- it not return an environment
+-- it does not return an environment
simplAlts env scrut case_bndr alts cont'
= -- pprTrace "simplAlts" (ppr alts $$ ppr (seIdSubst env)) $
; (alt_env', scrut', case_bndr') <- improveSeq fam_envs env1 scrut
case_bndr case_bndr1 alts
- ; (imposs_deflt_cons, in_alts) <- prepareAlts alt_env' scrut' case_bndr' alts
+ ; (imposs_deflt_cons, in_alts) <- prepareAlts scrut' case_bndr' alts
; alts' <- mapM (simplAlt alt_env' imposs_deflt_cons case_bndr' cont') in_alts
; return (scrut', case_bndr', alts') }
+
+------------------------------------
+improveSeq :: (FamInstEnv, FamInstEnv) -> SimplEnv
+ -> OutExpr -> InId -> OutId -> [InAlt]
+ -> SimplM (SimplEnv, OutExpr, OutId)
+-- Note [Improving seq]
+improveSeq fam_envs env scrut case_bndr case_bndr1 [(DEFAULT,_,_)]
+ | not (isDeadBinder case_bndr) -- Not a pure seq! See the Note!
+ , Just (co, ty2) <- topNormaliseType fam_envs (idType case_bndr1)
+ = do { case_bndr2 <- newId (fsLit "nt") ty2
+ ; let rhs = DoneEx (Var case_bndr2 `Cast` mkSymCoercion co)
+ env2 = extendIdSubst env case_bndr rhs
+ ; return (env2, scrut `Cast` co, case_bndr2) }
+
+improveSeq _ env scrut _ case_bndr1 _
+ = return (env, scrut, case_bndr1)
+
+
------------------------------------
simplAlt :: SimplEnv
-> [AltCon] -- These constructors can't be present when
= return (env, mkBoringStop, cont)
-- See Note [Duplicating StrictBind]
-mkDupableCont env (StrictArg fun cci ai cont)
+mkDupableCont env (StrictArg info cci cont)
-- See Note [Duplicating StrictArg]
= do { (env', dup, nodup) <- mkDupableCont env cont
- ; (env'', fun') <- mk_dupable_call env' fun
- ; return (env'', StrictArg fun' cci ai dup, nodup) }
- where
- mk_dupable_call env (Var v) = return (env, Var v)
- mk_dupable_call env (App fun arg) = do { (env', fun') <- mk_dupable_call env fun
- ; (env'', arg') <- makeTrivial env' arg
- ; return (env'', fun' `App` arg') }
- mk_dupable_call _ other = pprPanic "mk_dupable_call" (ppr other)
- -- The invariant of StrictArg is that the first arg is always an App chain
+ ; (env'', args') <- mapAccumLM makeTrivial env' (ai_args info)
+ ; return (env'', StrictArg (info { ai_args = args' }) cci dup, nodup) }
mkDupableCont env (ApplyTo _ arg se cont)
= -- e.g. [...hole...] (...arg...)