%
\section[TcSimplify]{TcSimplify}
-Notes:
-Inference (local definitions)
-~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
-If the inst constrains a local type variable, then
- [ReduceMe] if it's a literal or method inst, reduce it
- [DontReduce] otherwise see whether the inst is just a constant
- if succeed, use it
- if not, add original to context
- This check gets rid of constant dictionaries without
- losing sharing.
+\begin{code}
+module TcSimplify (
+ tcSimplifyInfer, tcSimplifyInferCheck,
+ tcSimplifyCheck, tcSimplifyRestricted,
+ tcSimplifyToDicts, tcSimplifyIPs, tcSimplifyTop,
+
+ tcSimplifyThetas, tcSimplifyCheckThetas,
+ bindInstsOfLocalFuns
+ ) where
+
+#include "HsVersions.h"
+
+import HsSyn ( MonoBinds(..), HsExpr(..), andMonoBinds, andMonoBindList )
+import TcHsSyn ( TcExpr, TcId,
+ TcMonoBinds, TcDictBinds
+ )
+
+import TcMonad
+import Inst ( lookupInst, lookupSimpleInst, LookupInstResult(..),
+ tyVarsOfInst, predsOfInsts, predsOfInst,
+ isDict, isClassDict, instName,
+ isStdClassTyVarDict, isMethodFor,
+ instToId, tyVarsOfInsts,
+ instBindingRequired, instCanBeGeneralised,
+ newDictsFromOld, instMentionsIPs,
+ getDictClassTys, isTyVarDict,
+ instLoc, pprInst, zonkInst, tidyInsts, tidyMoreInsts,
+ Inst, LIE, pprInsts, pprInstsInFull,
+ mkLIE, lieToList
+ )
+import TcEnv ( tcGetGlobalTyVars, tcGetInstEnv )
+import InstEnv ( lookupInstEnv, classInstEnv, InstLookupResult(..) )
+
+import TcMType ( zonkTcTyVarsAndFV, tcInstTyVars, unifyTauTy )
+import TcType ( ThetaType, PredType, mkClassPred, isOverloadedTy,
+ mkTyVarTy, tcGetTyVar, isTyVarClassPred,
+ tyVarsOfPred, getClassPredTys_maybe, isClassPred, isIPPred,
+ inheritablePred, predHasFDs )
+import Id ( idType )
+import NameSet ( mkNameSet )
+import Class ( classBigSig )
+import FunDeps ( oclose, grow, improve )
+import PrelInfo ( isNumericClass, isCreturnableClass, isCcallishClass )
+
+import Subst ( mkTopTyVarSubst, substTheta, substTy )
+import TysWiredIn ( unitTy )
+import VarSet
+import FiniteMap
+import Outputable
+import ListSetOps ( equivClasses )
+import Util ( zipEqual )
+import List ( partition )
+import CmdLineOpts
+\end{code}
+
+
+%************************************************************************
+%* *
+\subsection{NOTES}
+%* *
+%************************************************************************
+
+ --------------------------------------
+ Notes on quantification
+ --------------------------------------
+
+Suppose we are about to do a generalisation step.
+We have in our hand
+
+ G the environment
+ T the type of the RHS
+ C the constraints from that RHS
+
+The game is to figure out
+
+ Q the set of type variables over which to quantify
+ Ct the constraints we will *not* quantify over
+ Cq the constraints we will quantify over
+
+So we're going to infer the type
+
+ forall Q. Cq => T
+
+and float the constraints Ct further outwards.
+
+Here are the things that *must* be true:
+
+ (A) Q intersect fv(G) = EMPTY limits how big Q can be
+ (B) Q superset fv(Cq union T) \ oclose(fv(G),C) limits how small Q can be
+
+(A) says we can't quantify over a variable that's free in the
+environment. (B) says we must quantify over all the truly free
+variables in T, else we won't get a sufficiently general type. We do
+not *need* to quantify over any variable that is fixed by the free
+vars of the environment G.
+
+ BETWEEN THESE TWO BOUNDS, ANY Q WILL DO!
+
+Example: class H x y | x->y where ...
+
+ fv(G) = {a} C = {H a b, H c d}
+ T = c -> b
+
+ (A) Q intersect {a} is empty
+ (B) Q superset {a,b,c,d} \ oclose({a}, C) = {a,b,c,d} \ {a,b} = {c,d}
+
+ So Q can be {c,d}, {b,c,d}
+
+Other things being equal, however, we'd like to quantify over as few
+variables as possible: smaller types, fewer type applications, more
+constraints can get into Ct instead of Cq.
+
+
+-----------------------------------------
+We will make use of
+
+ fv(T) the free type vars of T
+
+ oclose(vs,C) The result of extending the set of tyvars vs
+ using the functional dependencies from C
+
+ grow(vs,C) The result of extend the set of tyvars vs
+ using all conceivable links from C.
+
+ E.g. vs = {a}, C = {H [a] b, K (b,Int) c, Eq e}
+ Then grow(vs,C) = {a,b,c}
+
+ Note that grow(vs,C) `superset` grow(vs,simplify(C))
+ That is, simplfication can only shrink the result of grow.
+
+Notice that
+ oclose is conservative one way: v `elem` oclose(vs,C) => v is definitely fixed by vs
+ grow is conservative the other way: if v might be fixed by vs => v `elem` grow(vs,C)
+
+
+-----------------------------------------
+
+Choosing Q
+~~~~~~~~~~
+Here's a good way to choose Q:
+
+ Q = grow( fv(T), C ) \ oclose( fv(G), C )
+
+That is, quantify over all variable that that MIGHT be fixed by the
+call site (which influences T), but which aren't DEFINITELY fixed by
+G. This choice definitely quantifies over enough type variables,
+albeit perhaps too many.
+
+Why grow( fv(T), C ) rather than fv(T)? Consider
+
+ class H x y | x->y where ...
+
+ T = c->c
+ C = (H c d)
+
+ If we used fv(T) = {c} we'd get the type
+
+ forall c. H c d => c -> b
+
+ And then if the fn was called at several different c's, each of
+ which fixed d differently, we'd get a unification error, because
+ d isn't quantified. Solution: quantify d. So we must quantify
+ everything that might be influenced by c.
+
+Why not oclose( fv(T), C )? Because we might not be able to see
+all the functional dependencies yet:
+
+ class H x y | x->y where ...
+ instance H x y => Eq (T x y) where ...
+
+ T = c->c
+ C = (Eq (T c d))
+
+ Now oclose(fv(T),C) = {c}, because the functional dependency isn't
+ apparent yet, and that's wrong. We must really quantify over d too.
+
+
+There really isn't any point in quantifying over any more than
+grow( fv(T), C ), because the call sites can't possibly influence
+any other type variables.
+
+
+
+ --------------------------------------
+ Notes on ambiguity
+ --------------------------------------
+
+It's very hard to be certain when a type is ambiguous. Consider
+
+ class K x
+ class H x y | x -> y
+ instance H x y => K (x,y)
+
+Is this type ambiguous?
+ forall a b. (K (a,b), Eq b) => a -> a
+
+Looks like it! But if we simplify (K (a,b)) we get (H a b) and
+now we see that a fixes b. So we can't tell about ambiguity for sure
+without doing a full simplification. And even that isn't possible if
+the context has some free vars that may get unified. Urgle!
+
+Here's another example: is this ambiguous?
+ forall a b. Eq (T b) => a -> a
+Not if there's an insance decl (with no context)
+ instance Eq (T b) where ...
+
+You may say of this example that we should use the instance decl right
+away, but you can't always do that:
+
+ class J a b where ...
+ instance J Int b where ...
-If the inst does not constrain a local type variable then
- [Free] then throw it out as free.
+ f :: forall a b. J a b => a -> a
-Inference (top level definitions)
-~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
-If the inst does not constrain a local type variable, then
- [FreeIfTautological] try for tautology;
- if so, throw it out as free
- (discarding result of tautology check)
- if not, make original inst part of the context
- (eliminating superclasses as usual)
+(Notice: no functional dependency in J's class decl.)
+Here f's type is perfectly fine, provided f is only called at Int.
+It's premature to complain when meeting f's signature, or even
+when inferring a type for f.
-If the inst constrains a local type variable, then
- as for inference (local defns)
-Checking (local defns)
-~~~~~~~~
-If the inst constrains a local type variable then
- [ReduceMe] reduce (signal error on failure)
+However, we don't *need* to report ambiguity right away. It'll always
+show up at the call site.... and eventually at main, which needs special
+treatment. Nevertheless, reporting ambiguity promptly is an excellent thing.
-If the inst does not constrain a local type variable then
- [Free] throw it out as free.
+So here's the plan. We WARN about probable ambiguity if
-Checking (top level)
-~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
-If the inst constrains a local type variable then
- as for checking (local defns)
+ fv(Cq) is not a subset of oclose(fv(T) union fv(G), C)
-If the inst does not constrain a local type variable then
- as for checking (local defns)
+(all tested before quantification).
+That is, all the type variables in Cq must be fixed by the the variables
+in the environment, or by the variables in the type.
+Notice that we union before calling oclose. Here's an example:
+ class J a b c | a b -> c
+ fv(G) = {a}
-Checking once per module
-~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
-For dicts of the form (C a), where C is a std class
- and "a" is a type variable,
- [DontReduce] add to context
+Is this ambiguous?
+ forall b c. (J a b c) => b -> b
-otherwise [ReduceMe] always reduce
+Only if we union {a} from G with {b} from T before using oclose,
+do we see that c is fixed.
-[NB: we may generate one Tree [Int] dict per module, so
- sharing is not complete.]
+It's a bit vague exactly which C we should use for this oclose call. If we
+don't fix enough variables we might complain when we shouldn't (see
+the above nasty example). Nothing will be perfect. That's why we can
+only issue a warning.
-Sort out ambiguity at the end.
-Principal types
-~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
-class C a where
- op :: a -> a
+Can we ever be *certain* about ambiguity? Yes: if there's a constraint
-f x = let g y = op (y::Int) in True
+ c in C such that fv(c) intersect (fv(G) union fv(T)) = EMPTY
+
+then c is a "bubble"; there's no way it can ever improve, and it's
+certainly ambiguous. UNLESS it is a constant (sigh). And what about
+the nasty example?
+
+ class K x
+ class H x y | x -> y
+ instance H x y => K (x,y)
+
+Is this type ambiguous?
+ forall a b. (K (a,b), Eq b) => a -> a
+
+Urk. The (Eq b) looks "definitely ambiguous" but it isn't. What we are after
+is a "bubble" that's a set of constraints
+
+ Cq = Ca union Cq' st fv(Ca) intersect (fv(Cq') union fv(T) union fv(G)) = EMPTY
+
+Hence another idea. To decide Q start with fv(T) and grow it
+by transitive closure in Cq (no functional dependencies involved).
+Now partition Cq using Q, leaving the definitely-ambiguous and probably-ok.
+The definitely-ambiguous can then float out, and get smashed at top level
+(which squashes out the constants, like Eq (T a) above)
+
+
+ --------------------------------------
+ Notes on principal types
+ --------------------------------------
+
+ class C a where
+ op :: a -> a
+
+ f x = let g y = op (y::Int) in True
Here the principal type of f is (forall a. a->a)
but we'll produce the non-principal type
f :: forall a. C Int => a -> a
-Ambiguity
-~~~~~~~~~
+ --------------------------------------
+ Notes on implicit parameters
+ --------------------------------------
+
+Question 1: can we "inherit" implicit parameters
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Consider this:
- instance C (T a) Int where ...
- instance C (T a) Bool where ...
+ f x = (x::Int) + ?y
-and suppose we infer a context
+where f is *not* a top-level binding.
+From the RHS of f we'll get the constraint (?y::Int).
+There are two types we might infer for f:
- C (T x) y
+ f :: Int -> Int
-from some expression, where x and y are type varibles,
-and x is ambiguous, and y is being quantified over.
-Should we complain, or should we generate the type
+(so we get ?y from the context of f's definition), or
- forall x y. C (T x) y => <type not involving x>
+ f :: (?y::Int) => Int -> Int
-The idea is that at the call of the function we might
-know that y is Int (say), so the "x" isn't really ambiguous.
-Notice that we have to add "x" to the type variables over
-which we generalise.
+At first you might think the first was better, becuase then
+?y behaves like a free variable of the definition, rather than
+having to be passed at each call site. But of course, the WHOLE
+IDEA is that ?y should be passed at each call site (that's what
+dynamic binding means) so we'd better infer the second.
-Something similar can happen even if C constrains only ambiguous
-variables. Suppose we infer the context
+BOTTOM LINE: you *must* quantify over implicit parameters. See
+isFreeAndInheritable.
- C [x]
+BUT WATCH OUT: for *expressions*, this isn't right. Consider:
-where x is ambiguous. Then we could infer the type
+ (?x + 1) :: Int
- forall x. C [x] => <type not involving x>
+This is perfectly reasonable. We do not want to insist on
-in the hope that at the call site there was an instance
-decl such as
+ (?x + 1) :: (?x::Int => Int)
- instance Num a => C [a] where ...
+That would be silly. Here, the definition site *is* the occurrence site,
+so the above strictures don't apply. Hence the difference between
+tcSimplifyCheck (which *does* allow implicit paramters to be inherited)
+and tcSimplifyCheckBind (which does not).
-and hence the default mechanism would resolve the "a".
+Question 2: type signatures
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+OK, so is it legal to give an explicit, user type signature to f, thus:
-\begin{code}
-module TcSimplify (
- tcSimplify, tcSimplifyAndCheck, tcSimplifyToDicts,
- tcSimplifyTop, tcSimplifyThetas, tcSimplifyCheckThetas,
- bindInstsOfLocalFuns
- ) where
+ f :: Int -> Int
+ f x = (x::Int) + ?y
-#include "HsVersions.h"
+At first sight this seems reasonable, but it has the nasty property
+that adding a type signature changes the dynamic semantics.
+Consider this:
-import CmdLineOpts ( opt_MaxContextReductionDepth, opt_GlasgowExts, opt_WarnTypeDefaults )
-import HsSyn ( MonoBinds(..), HsExpr(..), andMonoBinds, andMonoBindList )
-import TcHsSyn ( TcExpr, TcId,
- TcMonoBinds, TcDictBinds
- )
+ (let f x = (x::Int) + ?y
+ in (f 3, f 3 with ?y=5)) with ?y = 6
+
+ returns (3+6, 3+5)
+vs
+ (let f :: Int -> Int
+ f x = x + ?y
+ in (f 3, f 3 with ?y=5)) with ?y = 6
+
+ returns (3+6, 3+6)
+
+Indeed, simply inlining f (at the Haskell source level) would change the
+dynamic semantics.
+
+Conclusion: the above type signature is illegal. You'll get a message
+of the form "could not deduce (?y::Int) from ()".
+
+
+Question 3: monomorphism
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+There's a nasty corner case when the monomorphism restriction bites:
+
+ z = (x::Int) + ?y
+
+The argument above suggests that we *must* generalise
+over the ?y parameter, to get
+ z :: (?y::Int) => Int,
+but the monomorphism restriction says that we *must not*, giving
+ z :: Int.
+Why does the momomorphism restriction say this? Because if you have
+
+ let z = x + ?y in z+z
+
+you might not expect the addition to be done twice --- but it will if
+we follow the argument of Question 2 and generalise over ?y.
-import TcMonad
-import Inst ( lookupInst, lookupSimpleInst, LookupInstResult(..),
- tyVarsOfInst,
- isDict, isStdClassTyVarDict, isMethodFor,
- instToId, instBindingRequired, instCanBeGeneralised,
- newDictFromOld,
- getDictClassTys,
- instLoc, pprInst, zonkInst, tidyInst, tidyInsts,
- Inst, LIE, pprInsts, pprInstsInFull, mkLIE, emptyLIE,
- plusLIE
- )
-import TcEnv ( tcGetGlobalTyVars )
-import TcType ( TcType, TcTyVarSet, typeToTcType )
-import TcUnify ( unifyTauTy )
-import Id ( idType )
-import Bag ( bagToList )
-import Class ( Class, classBigSig, classInstEnv )
-import PrelInfo ( isNumericClass, isCreturnableClass, isCcallishClass )
-import Type ( Type, ThetaType, TauType, mkTyVarTy, getTyVar,
- isTyVarTy, splitSigmaTy, tyVarsOfTypes
- )
-import InstEnv ( InstEnv )
-import Subst ( mkTopTyVarSubst, substTheta )
-import PprType ( pprConstraint )
-import TysWiredIn ( unitTy )
-import VarSet
-import FiniteMap
-import BasicTypes ( TopLevelFlag(..) )
-import CmdLineOpts ( opt_GlasgowExts )
-import Outputable
-import Util
-import List ( partition )
-\end{code}
+
+Possible choices
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+(A) Always generalise over implicit parameters
+ Bindings that fall under the monomorphism restriction can't
+ be generalised
+
+ Consequences:
+ * Inlining remains valid
+ * No unexpected loss of sharing
+ * But simple bindings like
+ z = ?y + 1
+ will be rejected, unless you add an explicit type signature
+ (to avoid the monomorphism restriction)
+ z :: (?y::Int) => Int
+ z = ?y + 1
+ This seems unacceptable
+
+(B) Monomorphism restriction "wins"
+ Bindings that fall under the monomorphism restriction can't
+ be generalised
+ Always generalise over implicit parameters *except* for bindings
+ that fall under the monomorphism restriction
+
+ Consequences
+ * Inlining isn't valid in general
+ * No unexpected loss of sharing
+ * Simple bindings like
+ z = ?y + 1
+ accepted (get value of ?y from binding site)
+
+(C) Always generalise over implicit parameters
+ Bindings that fall under the monomorphism restriction can't
+ be generalised, EXCEPT for implicit parameters
+ Consequences
+ * Inlining remains valid
+ * Unexpected loss of sharing (from the extra generalisation)
+ * Simple bindings like
+ z = ?y + 1
+ accepted (get value of ?y from occurrence sites)
+
+
+Discussion
+~~~~~~~~~~
+None of these choices seems very satisfactory. But at least we should
+decide which we want to do.
+
+It's really not clear what is the Right Thing To Do. If you see
+
+ z = (x::Int) + ?y
+
+would you expect the value of ?y to be got from the *occurrence sites*
+of 'z', or from the valuue of ?y at the *definition* of 'z'? In the
+case of function definitions, the answer is clearly the former, but
+less so in the case of non-fucntion definitions. On the other hand,
+if we say that we get the value of ?y from the definition site of 'z',
+then inlining 'z' might change the semantics of the program.
+
+Choice (C) really says "the monomorphism restriction doesn't apply
+to implicit parameters". Which is fine, but remember that every
+innocent binding 'x = ...' that mentions an implicit parameter in
+the RHS becomes a *function* of that parameter, called at each
+use of 'x'. Now, the chances are that there are no intervening 'with'
+clauses that bind ?y, so a decent compiler should common up all
+those function calls. So I think I strongly favour (C). Indeed,
+one could make a similar argument for abolishing the monomorphism
+restriction altogether.
+
+BOTTOM LINE: we choose (B) at present. See tcSimplifyRestricted
+
%************************************************************************
%* *
-\subsection[tcSimplify-main]{Main entry function}
+\subsection{tcSimplifyInfer}
%* *
%************************************************************************
-The main wrapper is @tcSimplify@. It just calls @tcSimpl@, but with
-the ``don't-squash-consts'' flag set depending on top-level ness. For
-top level defns we *do* squash constants, so that they stay local to a
-single defn. This makes things which are inlined more likely to be
-exportable, because their constants are "inside". Later passes will
-float them out if poss, after inlinings are sorted out.
+tcSimplify is called when we *inferring* a type. Here's the overall game plan:
+
+ 1. Compute Q = grow( fvs(T), C )
+
+ 2. Partition C based on Q into Ct and Cq. Notice that ambiguous
+ predicates will end up in Ct; we deal with them at the top level
+
+ 3. Try improvement, using functional dependencies
+
+ 4. If Step 3 did any unification, repeat from step 1
+ (Unification can change the result of 'grow'.)
+
+Note: we don't reduce dictionaries in step 2. For example, if we have
+Eq (a,b), we don't simplify to (Eq a, Eq b). So Q won't be different
+after step 2. However note that we may therefore quantify over more
+type variables than we absolutely have to.
+
+For the guts, we need a loop, that alternates context reduction and
+improvement with unification. E.g. Suppose we have
+
+ class C x y | x->y where ...
+
+and tcSimplify is called with:
+ (C Int a, C Int b)
+Then improvement unifies a with b, giving
+ (C Int a, C Int a)
+
+If we need to unify anything, we rattle round the whole thing all over
+again.
+
\begin{code}
-tcSimplify
- :: SDoc
- -> TopLevelFlag
- -> TcTyVarSet -- ``Local'' type variables
- -- ASSERT: this tyvar set is already zonked
- -> LIE -- Wanted
- -> TcM s (LIE, -- Free
- TcDictBinds, -- Bindings
- LIE) -- Remaining wanteds; no dups
-
-tcSimplify str top_lvl local_tvs wanted_lie
- | isEmptyVarSet local_tvs
- = returnTc (wanted_lie, EmptyMonoBinds, emptyLIE)
+tcSimplifyInfer
+ :: SDoc
+ -> TcTyVarSet -- fv(T); type vars
+ -> LIE -- Wanted
+ -> TcM ([TcTyVar], -- Tyvars to quantify (zonked)
+ LIE, -- Free
+ TcDictBinds, -- Bindings
+ [TcId]) -- Dict Ids that must be bound here (zonked)
+\end{code}
- | otherwise
- = reduceContext str try_me [] wanteds `thenTc` \ (binds, frees, irreds) ->
+
+\begin{code}
+tcSimplifyInfer doc tau_tvs wanted_lie
+ = inferLoop doc (varSetElems tau_tvs)
+ (lieToList wanted_lie) `thenTc` \ (qtvs, frees, binds, irreds) ->
-- Check for non-generalisable insts
+ mapTc_ addCantGenErr (filter (not . instCanBeGeneralised) irreds) `thenTc_`
+
+ returnTc (qtvs, mkLIE frees, binds, map instToId irreds)
+
+inferLoop doc tau_tvs wanteds
+ = -- Step 1
+ zonkTcTyVarsAndFV tau_tvs `thenNF_Tc` \ tau_tvs' ->
+ mapNF_Tc zonkInst wanteds `thenNF_Tc` \ wanteds' ->
+ tcGetGlobalTyVars `thenNF_Tc` \ gbl_tvs ->
let
- cant_generalise = filter (not . instCanBeGeneralised) irreds
- in
- checkTc (null cant_generalise)
- (genCantGenErr cant_generalise) `thenTc_`
-
- -- Check for ambiguous insts.
- -- You might think these can't happen (I did) because an ambiguous
- -- inst like (Eq a) will get tossed out with "frees", and eventually
- -- dealt with by tcSimplifyTop.
- -- But we can get stuck with
- -- C a b
- -- where "a" is one of the local_tvs, but "b" is unconstrained.
- -- Then we must yell about the ambiguous b
- -- But we must only do so if "b" really is unconstrained; so
- -- we must grab the global tyvars to answer that question
- tcGetGlobalTyVars `thenNF_Tc` \ global_tvs ->
- let
- avail_tvs = local_tvs `unionVarSet` global_tvs
- (irreds', bad_guys) = partition (isEmptyVarSet . ambig_tv_fn) irreds
- ambig_tv_fn dict = tyVarsOfInst dict `minusVarSet` avail_tvs
+ preds = predsOfInsts wanteds'
+ qtvs = grow preds tau_tvs' `minusVarSet` oclose preds gbl_tvs
+
+ try_me inst
+ | isFreeAndInheritable qtvs inst = Free
+ | isClassDict inst = DontReduceUnlessConstant -- Dicts
+ | otherwise = ReduceMe -- Lits and Methods
in
- addAmbigErrs ambig_tv_fn bad_guys `thenNF_Tc_`
+ -- Step 2
+ reduceContext doc try_me [] wanteds' `thenTc` \ (no_improvement, frees, binds, irreds) ->
+ -- Step 3
+ if no_improvement then
+ returnTc (varSetElems qtvs, frees, binds, irreds)
+ else
+ -- If improvement did some unification, we go round again. There
+ -- are two subtleties:
+ -- a) We start again with irreds, not wanteds
+ -- Using an instance decl might have introduced a fresh type variable
+ -- which might have been unified, so we'd get an infinite loop
+ -- if we started again with wanteds! See example [LOOP]
+ --
+ -- b) It's also essential to re-process frees, because unification
+ -- might mean that a type variable that looked free isn't now.
+ --
+ -- Hence the (irreds ++ frees)
- -- Finished
- returnTc (mkLIE frees, binds, mkLIE irreds')
- where
- wanteds = bagToList wanted_lie
-
- try_me inst
- -- Does not constrain a local tyvar
- | isEmptyVarSet (tyVarsOfInst inst `intersectVarSet` local_tvs)
- = -- if is_top_level then
- -- FreeIfTautological -- Special case for inference on
- -- -- top-level defns
- -- else
- Free
-
- -- We're infering (not checking) the type, and
- -- the inst constrains a local type variable
- | isDict inst = DontReduce -- Dicts
- | otherwise = ReduceMe AddToIrreds -- Lits and Methods
+ inferLoop doc tau_tvs (irreds ++ frees) `thenTc` \ (qtvs1, frees1, binds1, irreds1) ->
+ returnTc (qtvs1, frees1, binds `AndMonoBinds` binds1, irreds1)
\end{code}
-@tcSimplifyAndCheck@ is similar to the above, except that it checks
-that there is an empty wanted-set at the end. It may still return
-some of constant insts, which have to be resolved finally at the end.
+Example [LOOP]
+
+ class If b t e r | b t e -> r
+ instance If T t e t
+ instance If F t e e
+ class Lte a b c | a b -> c where lte :: a -> b -> c
+ instance Lte Z b T
+ instance (Lte a b l,If l b a c) => Max a b c
+
+Wanted: Max Z (S x) y
+
+Then we'll reduce using the Max instance to:
+ (Lte Z (S x) l, If l (S x) Z y)
+and improve by binding l->T, after which we can do some reduction
+on both the Lte and If constraints. What we *can't* do is start again
+with (Max Z (S x) y)!
\begin{code}
-tcSimplifyAndCheck
- :: SDoc
- -> TcTyVarSet -- ``Local'' type variables
- -- ASSERT: this tyvar set is already zonked
- -> LIE -- Given; constrain only local tyvars
+isFreeAndInheritable qtvs inst
+ = isFree qtvs inst -- Constrains no quantified vars
+ && all inheritablePred (predsOfInst inst) -- And no implicit parameter involved
+ -- (see "Notes on implicit parameters")
+
+isFree qtvs inst
+ = not (tyVarsOfInst inst `intersectsVarSet` qtvs)
+\end{code}
+
+
+%************************************************************************
+%* *
+\subsection{tcSimplifyCheck}
+%* *
+%************************************************************************
+
+@tcSimplifyCheck@ is used when we know exactly the set of variables
+we are going to quantify over. For example, a class or instance declaration.
+
+\begin{code}
+tcSimplifyCheck
+ :: SDoc
+ -> [TcTyVar] -- Quantify over these
+ -> [Inst] -- Given
-> LIE -- Wanted
- -> TcM s (LIE, -- Free
- TcDictBinds) -- Bindings
+ -> TcM (LIE, -- Free
+ TcDictBinds) -- Bindings
+
+-- tcSimplifyCheck is used when checking exprssion type signatures,
+-- class decls, instance decls etc.
+-- Note that we psss isFree (not isFreeAndInheritable) to tcSimplCheck
+-- It's important that we can float out non-inheritable predicates
+-- Example: (?x :: Int) is ok!
+tcSimplifyCheck doc qtvs givens wanted_lie
+ = tcSimplCheck doc isFree get_qtvs
+ givens wanted_lie `thenTc` \ (qtvs', frees, binds) ->
+ returnTc (frees, binds)
+ where
+ get_qtvs = zonkTcTyVarsAndFV qtvs
-tcSimplifyAndCheck str local_tvs given_lie wanted_lie
- | isEmptyVarSet local_tvs
- -- This can happen quite legitimately; for example in
- -- instance Num Int where ...
- = returnTc (wanted_lie, EmptyMonoBinds)
- | otherwise
- = reduceContext str try_me givens wanteds `thenTc` \ (binds, frees, irreds) ->
+-- tcSimplifyInferCheck is used when we know the constraints we are to simplify
+-- against, but we don't know the type variables over which we are going to quantify.
+-- This happens when we have a type signature for a mutually recursive group
+tcSimplifyInferCheck
+ :: SDoc
+ -> TcTyVarSet -- fv(T)
+ -> [Inst] -- Given
+ -> LIE -- Wanted
+ -> TcM ([TcTyVar], -- Variables over which to quantify
+ LIE, -- Free
+ TcDictBinds) -- Bindings
+
+tcSimplifyInferCheck doc tau_tvs givens wanted_lie
+ = tcSimplCheck doc isFreeAndInheritable get_qtvs givens wanted_lie
+ where
+ -- Figure out which type variables to quantify over
+ -- You might think it should just be the signature tyvars,
+ -- but in bizarre cases you can get extra ones
+ -- f :: forall a. Num a => a -> a
+ -- f x = fst (g (x, head [])) + 1
+ -- g a b = (b,a)
+ -- Here we infer g :: forall a b. a -> b -> (b,a)
+ -- We don't want g to be monomorphic in b just because
+ -- f isn't quantified over b.
+ all_tvs = varSetElems (tau_tvs `unionVarSet` tyVarsOfInsts givens)
+
+ get_qtvs = zonkTcTyVarsAndFV all_tvs `thenNF_Tc` \ all_tvs' ->
+ tcGetGlobalTyVars `thenNF_Tc` \ gbl_tvs ->
+ let
+ qtvs = all_tvs' `minusVarSet` gbl_tvs
+ -- We could close gbl_tvs, but its not necessary for
+ -- soundness, and it'll only affect which tyvars, not which
+ -- dictionaries, we quantify over
+ in
+ returnNF_Tc qtvs
+\end{code}
+
+Here is the workhorse function for all three wrappers.
+
+\begin{code}
+tcSimplCheck doc is_free get_qtvs givens wanted_lie
+ = check_loop givens (lieToList wanted_lie) `thenTc` \ (qtvs, frees, binds, irreds) ->
-- Complain about any irreducible ones
- mapNF_Tc complain irreds `thenNF_Tc_`
+ complainCheck doc givens irreds `thenNF_Tc_`
-- Done
- returnTc (mkLIE frees, binds)
+ returnTc (qtvs, mkLIE frees, binds)
+
where
- givens = bagToList given_lie
- wanteds = bagToList wanted_lie
- given_dicts = filter isDict givens
+ check_loop givens wanteds
+ = -- Step 1
+ mapNF_Tc zonkInst givens `thenNF_Tc` \ givens' ->
+ mapNF_Tc zonkInst wanteds `thenNF_Tc` \ wanteds' ->
+ get_qtvs `thenNF_Tc` \ qtvs' ->
+
+ -- Step 2
+ let
+ -- When checking against a given signature we always reduce
+ -- until we find a match against something given, or can't reduce
+ try_me inst | is_free qtvs' inst = Free
+ | otherwise = ReduceMe
+ in
+ reduceContext doc try_me givens' wanteds' `thenTc` \ (no_improvement, frees, binds, irreds) ->
+
+ -- Step 3
+ if no_improvement then
+ returnTc (varSetElems qtvs', frees, binds, irreds)
+ else
+ check_loop givens' (irreds ++ frees) `thenTc` \ (qtvs', frees1, binds1, irreds1) ->
+ returnTc (qtvs', frees1, binds `AndMonoBinds` binds1, irreds1)
+\end{code}
+
+
+%************************************************************************
+%* *
+\subsection{tcSimplifyRestricted}
+%* *
+%************************************************************************
+
+\begin{code}
+tcSimplifyRestricted -- Used for restricted binding groups
+ -- i.e. ones subject to the monomorphism restriction
+ :: SDoc
+ -> TcTyVarSet -- Free in the type of the RHSs
+ -> LIE -- Free in the RHSs
+ -> TcM ([TcTyVar], -- Tyvars to quantify (zonked)
+ LIE, -- Free
+ TcDictBinds) -- Bindings
+
+tcSimplifyRestricted doc tau_tvs wanted_lie
+ = -- First squash out all methods, to find the constrained tyvars
+ -- We can't just take the free vars of wanted_lie because that'll
+ -- have methods that may incidentally mention entirely unconstrained variables
+ -- e.g. a call to f :: Eq a => a -> b -> b
+ -- Here, b is unconstrained. A good example would be
+ -- foo = f (3::Int)
+ -- We want to infer the polymorphic type
+ -- foo :: forall b. b -> b
+ let
+ wanteds = lieToList wanted_lie
+ try_me inst = ReduceMe -- Reduce as far as we can. Don't stop at
+ -- dicts; the idea is to get rid of as many type
+ -- variables as possible, and we don't want to stop
+ -- at (say) Monad (ST s), because that reduces
+ -- immediately, with no constraint on s.
+ in
+ simpleReduceLoop doc try_me wanteds `thenTc` \ (_, _, constrained_dicts) ->
- try_me inst
- -- Does not constrain a local tyvar
- | isEmptyVarSet (tyVarsOfInst inst `intersectVarSet` local_tvs)
- = Free
+ -- Next, figure out the tyvars we will quantify over
+ zonkTcTyVarsAndFV (varSetElems tau_tvs) `thenNF_Tc` \ tau_tvs' ->
+ tcGetGlobalTyVars `thenNF_Tc` \ gbl_tvs ->
+ let
+ constrained_tvs = tyVarsOfInsts constrained_dicts
+ qtvs = (tau_tvs' `minusVarSet` oclose (predsOfInsts constrained_dicts) gbl_tvs)
+ `minusVarSet` constrained_tvs
+ in
- -- When checking against a given signature we always reduce
- -- until we find a match against something given, or can't reduce
- | otherwise
- = ReduceMe AddToIrreds
+ -- The first step may have squashed more methods than
+ -- necessary, so try again, this time knowing the exact
+ -- set of type variables to quantify over.
+ --
+ -- We quantify only over constraints that are captured by qtvs;
+ -- these will just be a subset of non-dicts. This in contrast
+ -- to normal inference (using isFreeAndInheritable) in which we quantify over
+ -- all *non-inheritable* constraints too. This implements choice
+ -- (B) under "implicit parameter and monomorphism" above.
+ mapNF_Tc zonkInst (lieToList wanted_lie) `thenNF_Tc` \ wanteds' ->
+ let
+ try_me inst | isFree qtvs inst = Free
+ | otherwise = ReduceMe
+ in
+ reduceContext doc try_me [] wanteds' `thenTc` \ (no_improvement, frees, binds, irreds) ->
+ ASSERT( no_improvement )
+ ASSERT( null irreds )
+ -- No need to loop because simpleReduceLoop will have
+ -- already done any improvement necessary
- complain dict = mapNF_Tc zonkInst givens `thenNF_Tc` \ givens ->
- addNoInstanceErr str given_dicts dict
+ returnTc (varSetElems qtvs, mkLIE frees, binds)
\end{code}
+
+%************************************************************************
+%* *
+\subsection{tcSimplifyToDicts}
+%* *
+%************************************************************************
+
On the LHS of transformation rules we only simplify methods and constants,
getting dictionaries. We want to keep all of them unsimplified, to serve
as the available stuff for the RHS of the rule.
The same thing is used for specialise pragmas. Consider
-
+
f :: Num a => a -> a
{-# SPECIALISE f :: Int -> Int #-}
f = ...
f_spec = _inline_me_ (f Int dNumInt)
-But that means that we must simplify the Method for f to (f Int dNumInt)!
+But that means that we must simplify the Method for f to (f Int dNumInt)!
So tcSimplifyToDicts squeezes out all Methods.
+IMPORTANT NOTE: we *don't* want to do superclass commoning up. Consider
+
+ fromIntegral :: (Integral a, Num b) => a -> b
+ {-# RULES "foo" fromIntegral = id :: Int -> Int #-}
+
+Here, a=b=Int, and Num Int is a superclass of Integral Int. But we *dont*
+want to get
+
+ forall dIntegralInt.
+ fromIntegral Int Int dIntegralInt (scsel dIntegralInt) = id Int
+
+because the scsel will mess up matching. Instead we want
+
+ forall dIntegralInt, dNumInt.
+ fromIntegral Int Int dIntegralInt dNumInt = id Int
+
+Hence "DontReduce NoSCs"
+
\begin{code}
-tcSimplifyToDicts :: LIE -> TcM s (LIE, TcDictBinds)
+tcSimplifyToDicts :: LIE -> TcM ([Inst], TcDictBinds)
tcSimplifyToDicts wanted_lie
- = reduceContext (text "tcSimplifyToDicts") try_me [] wanteds `thenTc` \ (binds, frees, irreds) ->
+ = simpleReduceLoop doc try_me wanteds `thenTc` \ (frees, binds, irreds) ->
+ -- Since try_me doesn't look at types, we don't need to
+ -- do any zonking, so it's safe to call reduceContext directly
ASSERT( null frees )
- returnTc (mkLIE irreds, binds)
+ returnTc (irreds, binds)
+
where
- wanteds = bagToList wanted_lie
+ doc = text "tcSimplifyToDicts"
+ wanteds = lieToList wanted_lie
-- Reduce methods and lits only; stop as soon as we get a dictionary
- try_me inst | isDict inst = DontReduce
- | otherwise = ReduceMe AddToIrreds
+ try_me inst | isDict inst = DontReduce NoSCs
+ | otherwise = ReduceMe
\end{code}
+%************************************************************************
+%* *
+\subsection{Filtering at a dynamic binding}
+%* *
+%************************************************************************
+
+When we have
+ let ?x = R in B
+
+we must discharge all the ?x constraints from B. We also do an improvement
+step; if we have ?x::t1 and ?x::t2 we must unify t1, t2.
+
+Actually, the constraints from B might improve the types in ?x. For example
+
+ f :: (?x::Int) => Char -> Char
+ let ?x = 3 in f 'c'
+
+then the constraint (?x::Int) arising from the call to f will
+force the binding for ?x to be of type Int.
+
+\begin{code}
+tcSimplifyIPs :: [Inst] -- The implicit parameters bound here
+ -> LIE
+ -> TcM (LIE, TcDictBinds)
+tcSimplifyIPs given_ips wanted_lie
+ = simpl_loop given_ips wanteds `thenTc` \ (frees, binds) ->
+ returnTc (mkLIE frees, binds)
+ where
+ doc = text "tcSimplifyIPs" <+> ppr ip_names
+ wanteds = lieToList wanted_lie
+ ip_names = map instName given_ips
+ ip_set = mkNameSet ip_names
+
+ -- Simplify any methods that mention the implicit parameter
+ try_me inst | inst `instMentionsIPs` ip_set = ReduceMe
+ | otherwise = Free
+
+ simpl_loop givens wanteds
+ = mapNF_Tc zonkInst givens `thenNF_Tc` \ givens' ->
+ mapNF_Tc zonkInst wanteds `thenNF_Tc` \ wanteds' ->
+
+ reduceContext doc try_me givens' wanteds' `thenTc` \ (no_improvement, frees, binds, irreds) ->
+
+ if no_improvement then
+ ASSERT( null irreds )
+ returnTc (frees, binds)
+ else
+ simpl_loop givens' (irreds ++ frees) `thenTc` \ (frees1, binds1) ->
+ returnTc (frees1, binds `AndMonoBinds` binds1)
+\end{code}
+
+
+%************************************************************************
+%* *
+\subsection[binds-for-local-funs]{@bindInstsOfLocalFuns@}
+%* *
+%************************************************************************
+
+When doing a binding group, we may have @Insts@ of local functions.
+For example, we might have...
+\begin{verbatim}
+let f x = x + 1 -- orig local function (overloaded)
+ f.1 = f Int -- two instances of f
+ f.2 = f Float
+ in
+ (f.1 5, f.2 6.7)
+\end{verbatim}
+The point is: we must drop the bindings for @f.1@ and @f.2@ here,
+where @f@ is in scope; those @Insts@ must certainly not be passed
+upwards towards the top-level. If the @Insts@ were binding-ified up
+there, they would have unresolvable references to @f@.
+
+We pass in an @init_lie@ of @Insts@ and a list of locally-bound @Ids@.
+For each method @Inst@ in the @init_lie@ that mentions one of the
+@Ids@, we create a binding. We return the remaining @Insts@ (in an
+@LIE@), as well as the @HsBinds@ generated.
+
+\begin{code}
+bindInstsOfLocalFuns :: LIE -> [TcId] -> TcM (LIE, TcMonoBinds)
+
+bindInstsOfLocalFuns init_lie local_ids
+ | null overloaded_ids
+ -- Common case
+ = returnTc (init_lie, EmptyMonoBinds)
+
+ | otherwise
+ = simpleReduceLoop doc try_me wanteds `thenTc` \ (frees, binds, irreds) ->
+ ASSERT( null irreds )
+ returnTc (mkLIE frees, binds)
+ where
+ doc = text "bindInsts" <+> ppr local_ids
+ wanteds = lieToList init_lie
+ overloaded_ids = filter is_overloaded local_ids
+ is_overloaded id = isOverloadedTy (idType id)
+
+ overloaded_set = mkVarSet overloaded_ids -- There can occasionally be a lot of them
+ -- so it's worth building a set, so that
+ -- lookup (in isMethodFor) is faster
+
+ try_me inst | isMethodFor overloaded_set inst = ReduceMe
+ | otherwise = Free
+\end{code}
+
%************************************************************************
%* *
The main control over context reduction is here
\begin{code}
-data WhatToDo
- = ReduceMe -- Try to reduce this
- NoInstanceAction -- What to do if there's no such instance
+data WhatToDo
+ = ReduceMe -- Try to reduce this
+ -- If there's no instance, behave exactly like
+ -- DontReduce: add the inst to
+ -- the irreductible ones, but don't
+ -- produce an error message of any kind.
+ -- It might be quite legitimate such as (Eq a)!
- | DontReduce -- Return as irreducible
+ | DontReduce WantSCs -- Return as irreducible
+
+ | DontReduceUnlessConstant -- Return as irreducible unless it can
+ -- be reduced to a constant in one step
| Free -- Return as free
- | FreeIfTautological -- Return as free iff it's tautological;
- -- if not, return as irreducible
- -- The FreeIfTautological case is to allow the possibility
- -- of generating functions with types like
- -- f :: C Int => Int -> Int
- -- Here, the C Int isn't a tautology presumably because Int
- -- isn't an instance of C in this module; but perhaps it will
- -- be at f's call site(s). Haskell doesn't allow this at
- -- present.
-
-data NoInstanceAction
- = Stop -- Fail; no error message
- -- (Only used when tautology checking.)
-
- | AddToIrreds -- Just add the inst to the irreductible ones; don't
- -- produce an error message of any kind.
- -- It might be quite legitimate such as (Eq a)!
+data WantSCs = NoSCs | AddSCs -- Tells whether we should add the superclasses
+ -- of a predicate when adding it to the avails
\end{code}
\begin{code}
-type RedState s
- = (Avails s, -- What's available
- [Inst], -- Insts for which try_me returned Free
- [Inst] -- Insts for which try_me returned DontReduce
- )
+type RedState = (Avails, -- What's available
+ [Inst]) -- Insts for which try_me returned Free
-type Avails s = FiniteMap Inst Avail
+type Avails = FiniteMap Inst Avail
data Avail
- = Avail
- TcId -- The "main Id"; that is, the Id for the Inst that
- -- caused this avail to be put into the finite map in the first place
- -- It is this Id that is bound to the RHS.
-
- RHS -- The RHS: an expression whose value is that Inst.
- -- The main Id should be bound to this RHS
-
- [TcId] -- Extra Ids that must all be bound to the main Id.
- -- At the end we generate a list of bindings
- -- { i1 = main_id; i2 = main_id; i3 = main_id; ... }
-
-data RHS
- = NoRhs -- Used for irreducible dictionaries,
- -- which are going to be lambda bound, or for those that are
- -- suppplied as "given" when checking againgst a signature.
- --
- -- NoRhs is also used for Insts like (CCallable f)
+ = Irred -- Used for irreducible dictionaries,
+ -- which are going to be lambda bound
+
+ | BoundTo TcId -- Used for dictionaries for which we have a binding
+ -- e.g. those "given" in a signature
+
+ | NoRhs -- Used for Insts like (CCallable f)
-- where no witness is required.
- | Rhs -- Used when there is a RHS
- TcExpr
- Bool -- True => the RHS simply selects a superclass dictionary
- -- from a subclass dictionary.
- -- False => not so.
- -- This is useful info, because superclass selection
- -- is cheaper than building the dictionary using its dfun,
- -- and we can sometimes replace the latter with the former
-
- | PassiveScSel -- Used for as-yet-unactivated RHSs. For example suppose we have
- -- an (Ord t) dictionary; then we put an (Eq t) entry in
- -- the finite map, with an PassiveScSel. Then if the
- -- the (Eq t) binding is ever *needed* we make it an Rhs
- TcExpr
- [Inst] -- List of Insts that are free in the RHS.
- -- If the main Id is subsequently needed, we toss this list into
- -- the needed-inst pool so that we make sure their bindings
- -- will actually be produced.
- --
- -- Invariant: these Insts are already in the finite mapping
-
-
-pprAvails avails = vcat (map pp (eltsFM avails))
+ | Rhs -- Used when there is a RHS
+ TcExpr -- The RHS
+ [Inst] -- Insts free in the RHS; we need these too
+
+pprAvails avails = vcat [ppr inst <+> equals <+> pprAvail avail
+ | (inst,avail) <- fmToList avails ]
+
+instance Outputable Avail where
+ ppr = pprAvail
+
+pprAvail NoRhs = text "<no rhs>"
+pprAvail Irred = text "Irred"
+pprAvail (BoundTo x) = text "Bound to" <+> ppr x
+pprAvail (Rhs rhs bs) = ppr rhs <+> braces (ppr bs)
+\end{code}
+
+Extracting the bindings from a bunch of Avails.
+The bindings do *not* come back sorted in dependency order.
+We assume that they'll be wrapped in a big Rec, so that the
+dependency analyser can sort them out later
+
+The loop startes
+\begin{code}
+bindsAndIrreds :: Avails
+ -> [Inst] -- Wanted
+ -> (TcDictBinds, -- Bindings
+ [Inst]) -- Irreducible ones
+
+bindsAndIrreds avails wanteds
+ = go avails EmptyMonoBinds [] wanteds
where
- pp (Avail main_id rhs ids)
- = ppr main_id <> colon <+> brackets (ppr ids) <+> pprRhs rhs
+ go avails binds irreds [] = (binds, irreds)
+
+ go avails binds irreds (w:ws)
+ = case lookupFM avails w of
+ Nothing -> -- Free guys come out here
+ -- (If we didn't do addFree we could use this as the
+ -- criterion for free-ness, and pick up the free ones here too)
+ go avails binds irreds ws
+
+ Just NoRhs -> go avails binds irreds ws
-pprRhs NoRhs = text "<no rhs>"
-pprRhs (Rhs rhs b) = ppr rhs
-pprRhs (PassiveScSel rhs is) = text "passive" <+> ppr rhs
+ Just Irred -> go (addToFM avails w (BoundTo (instToId w))) binds (w:irreds) ws
+
+ Just (BoundTo id) -> go avails new_binds irreds ws
+ where
+ -- For implicit parameters, all occurrences share the same
+ -- Id, so there is no need for synonym bindings
+ new_binds | new_id == id = binds
+ | otherwise = addBind binds new_id (HsVar id)
+ new_id = instToId w
+
+ Just (Rhs rhs ws') -> go avails' (addBind binds id rhs) irreds (ws' ++ ws)
+ where
+ id = instToId w
+ avails' = addToFM avails w (BoundTo id)
+
+addBind binds id rhs = binds `AndMonoBinds` VarMonoBind id rhs
\end{code}
%* *
%************************************************************************
-The main entry point for context reduction is @reduceContext@:
+When the "what to do" predicate doesn't depend on the quantified type variables,
+matters are easier. We don't need to do any zonking, unless the improvement step
+does something, in which case we zonk before iterating.
+
+The "given" set is always empty.
+
+\begin{code}
+simpleReduceLoop :: SDoc
+ -> (Inst -> WhatToDo) -- What to do, *not* based on the quantified type variables
+ -> [Inst] -- Wanted
+ -> TcM ([Inst], -- Free
+ TcDictBinds,
+ [Inst]) -- Irreducible
+
+simpleReduceLoop doc try_me wanteds
+ = mapNF_Tc zonkInst wanteds `thenNF_Tc` \ wanteds' ->
+ reduceContext doc try_me [] wanteds' `thenTc` \ (no_improvement, frees, binds, irreds) ->
+ if no_improvement then
+ returnTc (frees, binds, irreds)
+ else
+ simpleReduceLoop doc try_me (irreds ++ frees) `thenTc` \ (frees1, binds1, irreds1) ->
+ returnTc (frees1, binds `AndMonoBinds` binds1, irreds1)
+\end{code}
+
+
\begin{code}
-reduceContext :: SDoc -> (Inst -> WhatToDo)
- -> [Inst] -- Given
- -> [Inst] -- Wanted
- -> TcM s (TcDictBinds,
- [Inst], -- Free
- [Inst]) -- Irreducible
-
-reduceContext str try_me givens wanteds
- = -- Zonking first
- mapNF_Tc zonkInst givens `thenNF_Tc` \ givens ->
- mapNF_Tc zonkInst wanteds `thenNF_Tc` \ wanteds ->
-
-{-
- pprTrace "reduceContext" (vcat [
+reduceContext :: SDoc
+ -> (Inst -> WhatToDo)
+ -> [Inst] -- Given
+ -> [Inst] -- Wanted
+ -> NF_TcM (Bool, -- True <=> improve step did no unification
+ [Inst], -- Free
+ TcDictBinds, -- Dictionary bindings
+ [Inst]) -- Irreducible
+
+reduceContext doc try_me givens wanteds
+ =
+ traceTc (text "reduceContext" <+> (vcat [
text "----------------------",
- str,
+ doc,
text "given" <+> ppr givens,
text "wanted" <+> ppr wanteds,
text "----------------------"
- ]) $
--}
+ ])) `thenNF_Tc_`
+
-- Build the Avail mapping from "givens"
- foldlNF_Tc addGiven emptyFM givens `thenNF_Tc` \ avails ->
+ foldlNF_Tc addGiven (emptyFM, []) givens `thenNF_Tc` \ init_state ->
-- Do the real work
- reduceList (0,[]) try_me wanteds (avails, [], []) `thenTc` \ (avails, frees, irreds) ->
+ reduceList (0,[]) try_me wanteds init_state `thenNF_Tc` \ state@(avails, frees) ->
- -- Extract the bindings from avails
- let
- binds = foldFM add_bind EmptyMonoBinds avails
-
- add_bind _ (Avail main_id rhs ids) binds
- = foldr add_synonym (add_rhs_bind rhs binds) ids
- where
- add_rhs_bind (Rhs rhs _) binds = binds `AndMonoBinds` VarMonoBind main_id rhs
- add_rhs_bind other binds = binds
-
- -- Add the trivial {x = y} bindings
- -- The main Id can end up in the list when it's first added passively
- -- and then activated, so we have to filter it out. A bit of a hack.
- add_synonym id binds
- | id /= main_id = binds `AndMonoBinds` VarMonoBind id (HsVar main_id)
- | otherwise = binds
- in
-{-
- pprTrace ("reduceContext end") (vcat [
+ -- Do improvement, using everything in avails
+ -- In particular, avails includes all superclasses of everything
+ tcImprove avails `thenTc` \ no_improvement ->
+
+ traceTc (text "reduceContext end" <+> (vcat [
text "----------------------",
- str,
+ doc,
text "given" <+> ppr givens,
text "wanted" <+> ppr wanteds,
- text "----",
+ text "----",
text "avails" <+> pprAvails avails,
- text "irreds" <+> ppr irreds,
+ text "frees" <+> ppr frees,
+ text "no_improvement =" <+> ppr no_improvement,
text "----------------------"
- ]) $
--}
- returnTc (binds, frees, irreds)
+ ])) `thenNF_Tc_`
+ let
+ (binds, irreds) = bindsAndIrreds avails wanteds
+ in
+ returnTc (no_improvement, frees, binds, irreds)
+
+tcImprove avails
+ = tcGetInstEnv `thenTc` \ inst_env ->
+ let
+ preds = [ (pred, pp_loc)
+ | inst <- keysFM avails,
+ let pp_loc = pprInstLoc (instLoc inst),
+ pred <- predsOfInst inst,
+ predHasFDs pred
+ ]
+ -- Avails has all the superclasses etc (good)
+ -- It also has all the intermediates of the deduction (good)
+ -- It does not have duplicates (good)
+ -- NB that (?x::t1) and (?x::t2) will be held separately in avails
+ -- so that improve will see them separate
+ eqns = improve (classInstEnv inst_env) preds
+ in
+ if null eqns then
+ returnTc True
+ else
+ traceTc (ptext SLIT("Improve:") <+> vcat (map ppr_eqn eqns)) `thenNF_Tc_`
+ mapTc_ unify eqns `thenTc_`
+ returnTc False
+ where
+ unify ((qtvs, t1, t2), doc)
+ = tcAddErrCtxt doc $
+ tcInstTyVars (varSetElems qtvs) `thenNF_Tc` \ (_, _, tenv) ->
+ unifyTauTy (substTy tenv t1) (substTy tenv t2)
+ ppr_eqn ((qtvs, t1, t2), doc)
+ = vcat [ptext SLIT("forall") <+> braces (pprWithCommas ppr (varSetElems qtvs))
+ <+> ppr t1 <+> ptext SLIT(":=:") <+> ppr t2,
+ nest 2 doc]
\end{code}
The main context-reduction function is @reduce@. Here's its game plan.
-- along with its depth
-> (Inst -> WhatToDo)
-> [Inst]
- -> RedState s
- -> TcM s (RedState s)
+ -> RedState
+ -> TcM RedState
\end{code}
@reduce@ is passed
Free return this in "frees"
wanteds: The list of insts to reduce
- state: An accumulating parameter of type RedState
+ state: An accumulating parameter of type RedState
that contains the state of the algorithm
-
+
It returns a RedState.
-The (n,stack) pair is just used for error reporting.
+The (n,stack) pair is just used for error reporting.
n is always the depth of the stack.
The stack is the stack of Insts being reduced: to produce X
I had to produce Y, to produce Y I had to produce Z, and so on.
go ws state'
-- Base case: we're done!
-reduce stack try_me wanted state@(avails, frees, irreds)
+reduce stack try_me wanted state
-- It's the same as an existing inst, or a superclass thereof
- | wanted `elemFM` avails
- = returnTc (activate avails wanted, frees, irreds)
-
- | otherwise
- = case try_me wanted of {
-
- ReduceMe no_instance_action -> -- It should be reduced
- lookupInst wanted `thenNF_Tc` \ lookup_result ->
- case lookup_result of
- GenInst wanteds' rhs -> use_instance wanteds' rhs
- SimpleInst rhs -> use_instance [] rhs
-
- NoInstance -> -- No such instance!
- case no_instance_action of
- Stop -> failTc
- AddToIrreds -> add_to_irreds
- ;
- Free -> -- It's free and this isn't a top-level binding, so just chuck it upstairs
- -- First, see if the inst can be reduced to a constant in one step
- lookupInst wanted `thenNF_Tc` \ lookup_result ->
- case lookup_result of
- SimpleInst rhs -> use_instance [] rhs
- other -> add_to_frees
-
-
-
- ;
- FreeIfTautological -> -- It's free and this is a top level binding, so
- -- check whether it's a tautology or not
- tryTc_
- add_to_irreds -- If tautology trial fails, add to irreds
-
- -- If tautology succeeds, just add to frees
- (reduce stack try_me_taut wanted (avails, [], []) `thenTc_`
- returnTc (avails, wanted:frees, irreds))
-
-
- ;
- DontReduce -> -- It's irreducible (or at least should not be reduced)
- -- See if the inst can be reduced to a constant in one step
- lookupInst wanted `thenNF_Tc` \ lookup_result ->
- case lookup_result of
- SimpleInst rhs -> use_instance [] rhs
- other -> add_to_irreds
- }
- where
- -- The three main actions
- add_to_frees = let
- avails' = addFree avails wanted
- -- Add the thing to the avails set so any identical Insts
- -- will be commoned up with it right here
- in
- returnTc (avails', wanted:frees, irreds)
-
- add_to_irreds = addGiven avails wanted `thenNF_Tc` \ avails' ->
- returnTc (avails', frees, wanted:irreds)
-
- use_instance wanteds' rhs = addWanted avails wanted rhs `thenNF_Tc` \ avails' ->
- reduceList stack try_me wanteds' (avails', frees, irreds)
-
-
- -- The try-me to use when trying to identify tautologies
- -- It blunders on reducing as much as possible
- try_me_taut inst = ReduceMe Stop -- No error recovery
-\end{code}
+ | isAvailable state wanted
+ = returnTc state
+ | otherwise
+ = case try_me wanted of {
-\begin{code}
-activate :: Avails s -> Inst -> Avails s
- -- Activate the binding for Inst, ensuring that a binding for the
- -- wanted Inst will be generated.
- -- (Activate its parent if necessary, recursively).
- -- Precondition: the Inst is in Avails already
+ DontReduce want_scs -> addIrred want_scs state wanted
-activate avails wanted
- | not (instBindingRequired wanted)
- = avails
+ ; DontReduceUnlessConstant -> -- It's irreducible (or at least should not be reduced)
+ -- First, see if the inst can be reduced to a constant in one step
+ try_simple (addIrred AddSCs) -- Assume want superclasses
- | otherwise
- = case lookupFM avails wanted of
+ ; Free -> -- It's free so just chuck it upstairs
+ -- First, see if the inst can be reduced to a constant in one step
+ try_simple addFree
- Just (Avail main_id (PassiveScSel rhs insts) ids) ->
- foldl activate avails' insts -- Activate anything it needs
- where
- avails' = addToFM avails wanted avail'
- avail' = Avail main_id (Rhs rhs True) (wanted_id : ids) -- Activate it
+ ; ReduceMe -> -- It should be reduced
+ lookupInst wanted `thenNF_Tc` \ lookup_result ->
+ case lookup_result of
+ GenInst wanteds' rhs -> reduceList stack try_me wanteds' state `thenTc` \ state' ->
+ addWanted state' wanted rhs wanteds'
+ SimpleInst rhs -> addWanted state wanted rhs []
- Just (Avail main_id other_rhs ids) -> -- Just add to the synonyms list
- addToFM avails wanted (Avail main_id other_rhs (wanted_id : ids))
+ NoInstance -> -- No such instance!
+ -- Add it and its superclasses
+ addIrred AddSCs state wanted
- Nothing -> panic "activate"
- where
- wanted_id = instToId wanted
-
-addWanted avails wanted rhs_expr
- = ASSERT( not (wanted `elemFM` avails) )
- returnNF_Tc (addToFM avails wanted avail)
- -- NB: we don't add the thing's superclasses too!
- -- Why not? Because addWanted is used when we've successfully used an
- -- instance decl to reduce something; e.g.
- -- d:Ord [a] = dfunOrd (d1:Eq [a]) (d2:Ord a)
- -- Note that we pass the superclasses to the dfun, so they will be "wanted".
- -- If we put the superclasses of "d" in avails, then we might end up
- -- expressing "d1" in terms of "d", which would be a disaster.
+ }
where
- avail = Avail (instToId wanted) rhs []
+ try_simple do_this_otherwise
+ = lookupInst wanted `thenNF_Tc` \ lookup_result ->
+ case lookup_result of
+ SimpleInst rhs -> addWanted state wanted rhs []
+ other -> do_this_otherwise state wanted
+\end{code}
- rhs | instBindingRequired wanted = Rhs rhs_expr False -- Not superclass selection
- | otherwise = NoRhs
-addFree :: Avails s -> Inst -> (Avails s)
+\begin{code}
+isAvailable :: RedState -> Inst -> Bool
+isAvailable (avails, _) wanted = wanted `elemFM` avails
+ -- NB: the Ord instance of Inst compares by the class/type info
+ -- *not* by unique. So
+ -- d1::C Int == d2::C Int
+
+-------------------------
+addFree :: RedState -> Inst -> NF_TcM RedState
-- When an Inst is tossed upstairs as 'free' we nevertheless add it
-- to avails, so that any other equal Insts will be commoned up right
-- here rather than also being tossed upstairs. This is really just
-- NB1: do *not* add superclasses. If we have
-- df::Floating a
-- dn::Num a
- -- but a is not bound here, then we *don't* want to derive
+ -- but a is not bound here, then we *don't* want to derive
-- dn from df here lest we lose sharing.
--
-- NB2: do *not* add the Inst to avails at all if it's a method.
-- The following situation shows why this is bad:
-- truncate :: forall a. RealFrac a => forall b. Integral b => a -> b
-- From an application (truncate f i) we get
- -- t1 = truncate at f
+ -- t1 = truncate at f
-- t2 = t1 at i
- -- If we have also have a secon occurrence of truncate, we get
+ -- If we have also have a second occurrence of truncate, we get
-- t3 = truncate at f
-- t4 = t3 at i
-- When simplifying with i,f free, we might still notice that
-- will continue to float out!
-- Solution: never put methods in avail till they are captured
-- in which case addFree isn't used
-addFree avails free
- | isDict free = addToFM avails free (Avail (instToId free) NoRhs [])
- | otherwise = avails
-
-addGiven :: Avails s -> Inst -> NF_TcM s (Avails s)
-addGiven avails given
- = -- ASSERT( not (given `elemFM` avails) )
- -- This assertion isn't necessarily true. It's permitted
- -- to given a redundant context in a type signature (eg (Ord a, Eq a) => ...)
- -- and when typechecking instance decls we generate redundant "givens" too.
- addAvail avails given avail
+ --
+ -- NB3: make sure that CCallable/CReturnable use NoRhs rather
+ -- than BoundTo, else we end up with bogus bindings.
+ -- c.f. instBindingRequired in addWanted
+addFree (avails, frees) free
+ | isDict free = returnNF_Tc (addToFM avails free avail, free:frees)
+ | otherwise = returnNF_Tc (avails, free:frees)
where
- avail = Avail (instToId given) NoRhs []
-
-addAvail avails wanted avail
- = addSuperClasses (addToFM avails wanted avail) wanted
-
-addSuperClasses :: Avails s -> Inst -> NF_TcM s (Avails s)
- -- Add all the superclasses of the Inst to Avails
- -- Invariant: the Inst is already in Avails.
-
-addSuperClasses avails dict
- | not (isDict dict)
- = returnNF_Tc avails
-
- | otherwise -- It is a dictionary
- = foldlNF_Tc add_sc avails (zipEqual "addSuperClasses" sc_theta' sc_sels)
+ avail | instBindingRequired free = BoundTo (instToId free)
+ | otherwise = NoRhs
+
+addWanted :: RedState -> Inst -> TcExpr -> [Inst] -> NF_TcM RedState
+addWanted state@(avails, frees) wanted rhs_expr wanteds
+-- Do *not* add superclasses as well. Here's an example of why not
+-- class Eq a => Foo a b
+-- instance Eq a => Foo [a] a
+-- If we are reducing
+-- (Foo [t] t)
+-- we'll first deduce that it holds (via the instance decl). We
+-- must not then overwrite the Eq t constraint with a superclass selection!
+-- ToDo: this isn't entirely unsatisfactory, because
+-- we may also lose some entirely-legitimate sharing this way
+
+ = ASSERT( not (isAvailable state wanted) )
+ returnNF_Tc (addToFM avails wanted avail, frees)
where
- (clas, tys) = getDictClassTys dict
-
- (tyvars, sc_theta, sc_sels, _, _) = classBigSig clas
- sc_theta' = substTheta (mkTopTyVarSubst tyvars tys) sc_theta
-
- add_sc avails ((super_clas, super_tys), sc_sel)
- = newDictFromOld dict super_clas super_tys `thenNF_Tc` \ super_dict ->
- let
- sc_sel_rhs = DictApp (TyApp (HsVar sc_sel) tys)
- [instToId dict]
- in
- case lookupFM avails super_dict of
-
- Just (Avail main_id (Rhs rhs False {- not sc selection -}) ids) ->
- -- Already there, but not as a superclass selector
- -- No need to look at its superclasses; since it's there
- -- already they must be already in avails
- -- However, we must remember to activate the dictionary
- -- from which it is (now) generated
- returnNF_Tc (activate avails' dict)
- where
- avails' = addToFM avails super_dict avail
- avail = Avail main_id (Rhs sc_sel_rhs True) ids -- Superclass selection
-
- Just (Avail _ _ _) -> returnNF_Tc avails
- -- Already there; no need to do anything
-
- Nothing ->
- -- Not there at all, so add it, and its superclasses
- addAvail avails super_dict avail
- where
- avail = Avail (instToId super_dict)
- (PassiveScSel sc_sel_rhs [dict])
- []
-\end{code}
-
-%************************************************************************
-%* *
-\subsection[simple]{@Simple@ versions}
-%* *
-%************************************************************************
-
-Much simpler versions when there are no bindings to make!
-
-@tcSimplifyThetas@ simplifies class-type constraints formed by
-@deriving@ declarations and when specialising instances. We are
-only interested in the simplified bunch of class/type constraints.
-
-It simplifies to constraints of the form (C a b c) where
-a,b,c are type variables. This is required for the context of
-instance declarations.
-
-\begin{code}
-tcSimplifyThetas :: (Class -> InstEnv) -- How to find the InstEnv
- -> ThetaType -- Wanted
- -> TcM s ThetaType -- Needed
-
-tcSimplifyThetas inst_mapper wanteds
- = reduceSimple inst_mapper [] wanteds `thenNF_Tc` \ irreds ->
- let
- -- For multi-param Haskell, check that the returned dictionaries
- -- don't have any of the form (C Int Bool) for which
- -- we expect an instance here
- -- For Haskell 98, check that all the constraints are of the form C a,
- -- where a is a type variable
- bad_guys | opt_GlasgowExts = [ct | ct@(clas,tys) <- irreds,
- isEmptyVarSet (tyVarsOfTypes tys)]
- | otherwise = [ct | ct@(clas,tys) <- irreds,
- not (all isTyVarTy tys)]
- in
- if null bad_guys then
- returnTc irreds
- else
- mapNF_Tc addNoInstErr bad_guys `thenNF_Tc_`
- failTc
-\end{code}
-
-@tcSimplifyCheckThetas@ just checks class-type constraints, essentially;
-used with \tr{default} declarations. We are only interested in
-whether it worked or not.
-
-\begin{code}
-tcSimplifyCheckThetas :: ThetaType -- Given
- -> ThetaType -- Wanted
- -> TcM s ()
+ avail | instBindingRequired wanted = Rhs rhs_expr wanteds
+ | otherwise = ASSERT( null wanteds ) NoRhs
-tcSimplifyCheckThetas givens wanteds
- = reduceSimple classInstEnv givens wanteds `thenNF_Tc` \ irreds ->
- if null irreds then
- returnTc ()
- else
- mapNF_Tc addNoInstErr irreds `thenNF_Tc_`
- failTc
-\end{code}
+addGiven :: RedState -> Inst -> NF_TcM RedState
+addGiven state given = addAvailAndSCs state given (BoundTo (instToId given))
+addIrred :: WantSCs -> RedState -> Inst -> NF_TcM RedState
+addIrred NoSCs (avails,frees) irred = returnNF_Tc (addToFM avails irred Irred, frees)
+addIrred AddSCs state irred = addAvailAndSCs state irred Irred
-\begin{code}
-type AvailsSimple = FiniteMap (Class, [TauType]) Bool
- -- True => irreducible
- -- False => given, or can be derived from a given or from an irreducible
+addAvailAndSCs :: RedState -> Inst -> Avail -> NF_TcM RedState
+addAvailAndSCs (avails, frees) wanted avail
+ = add_avail_and_scs avails wanted avail `thenNF_Tc` \ avails' ->
+ returnNF_Tc (avails', frees)
-reduceSimple :: (Class -> InstEnv)
- -> ThetaType -- Given
- -> ThetaType -- Wanted
- -> NF_TcM s ThetaType -- Irreducible
+---------------------
+add_avail_and_scs :: Avails -> Inst -> Avail -> NF_TcM Avails
+add_avail_and_scs avails wanted avail
+ = add_scs (addToFM avails wanted avail) wanted
-reduceSimple inst_mapper givens wanteds
- = reduce_simple (0,[]) inst_mapper givens_fm wanteds `thenNF_Tc` \ givens_fm' ->
- returnNF_Tc [ct | (ct,True) <- fmToList givens_fm']
- where
- givens_fm = foldl addNonIrred emptyFM givens
+add_scs :: Avails -> Inst -> NF_TcM Avails
+ -- Add all the superclasses of the Inst to Avails
+ -- Invariant: the Inst is already in Avails.
-reduce_simple :: (Int,ThetaType) -- Stack
- -> (Class -> InstEnv)
- -> AvailsSimple
- -> ThetaType
- -> NF_TcM s AvailsSimple
+add_scs avails dict
+ | not (isClassDict dict)
+ = returnNF_Tc avails
-reduce_simple (n,stack) inst_mapper avails wanteds
- = go avails wanteds
+ | otherwise -- It is a dictionary
+ = newDictsFromOld dict sc_theta' `thenNF_Tc` \ sc_dicts ->
+ foldlNF_Tc add_sc avails (zipEqual "add_scs" sc_dicts sc_sels)
where
- go avails [] = returnNF_Tc avails
- go avails (w:ws) = reduce_simple_help (n+1,w:stack) inst_mapper avails w `thenNF_Tc` \ avails' ->
- go avails' ws
-
-reduce_simple_help stack inst_mapper givens wanted@(clas,tys)
- | wanted `elemFM` givens
- = returnNF_Tc givens
-
- | otherwise
- = lookupSimpleInst (inst_mapper clas) clas tys `thenNF_Tc` \ maybe_theta ->
-
- case maybe_theta of
- Nothing -> returnNF_Tc (addIrred givens wanted)
- Just theta -> reduce_simple stack inst_mapper (addNonIrred givens wanted) theta
-
-addIrred :: AvailsSimple -> (Class, [TauType]) -> AvailsSimple
-addIrred givens ct
- = addSCs (addToFM givens ct True) ct
-
-addNonIrred :: AvailsSimple -> (Class, [TauType]) -> AvailsSimple
-addNonIrred givens ct
- = addSCs (addToFM givens ct False) ct
-
-addSCs givens ct@(clas,tys)
- = foldl add givens sc_theta
- where
- (tyvars, sc_theta_tmpl, _, _, _) = classBigSig clas
- sc_theta = substTheta (mkTopTyVarSubst tyvars tys) sc_theta_tmpl
-
- add givens ct = case lookupFM givens ct of
- Nothing -> -- Add it and its superclasses
- addSCs (addToFM givens ct False) ct
-
- Just True -> -- Set its flag to False; superclasses already done
- addToFM givens ct False
+ (clas, tys) = getDictClassTys dict
+ (tyvars, sc_theta, sc_sels, _) = classBigSig clas
+ sc_theta' = substTheta (mkTopTyVarSubst tyvars tys) sc_theta
- Just False -> -- Already done
- givens
-
+ add_sc avails (sc_dict, sc_sel) -- Add it, and its superclasses
+ = case lookupFM avails sc_dict of
+ Just (BoundTo _) -> returnNF_Tc avails -- See Note [SUPER] below
+ other -> add_avail_and_scs avails sc_dict avail
+ where
+ sc_sel_rhs = DictApp (TyApp (HsVar sc_sel) tys) [instToId dict]
+ avail = Rhs sc_sel_rhs [dict]
\end{code}
-%************************************************************************
-%* *
-\subsection[binds-for-local-funs]{@bindInstsOfLocalFuns@}
-%* *
-%************************************************************************
-
-When doing a binding group, we may have @Insts@ of local functions.
-For example, we might have...
-\begin{verbatim}
-let f x = x + 1 -- orig local function (overloaded)
- f.1 = f Int -- two instances of f
- f.2 = f Float
- in
- (f.1 5, f.2 6.7)
-\end{verbatim}
-The point is: we must drop the bindings for @f.1@ and @f.2@ here,
-where @f@ is in scope; those @Insts@ must certainly not be passed
-upwards towards the top-level. If the @Insts@ were binding-ified up
-there, they would have unresolvable references to @f@.
-
-We pass in an @init_lie@ of @Insts@ and a list of locally-bound @Ids@.
-For each method @Inst@ in the @init_lie@ that mentions one of the
-@Ids@, we create a binding. We return the remaining @Insts@ (in an
-@LIE@), as well as the @HsBinds@ generated.
-
-\begin{code}
-bindInstsOfLocalFuns :: LIE -> [TcId] -> TcM s (LIE, TcMonoBinds)
-
-bindInstsOfLocalFuns init_lie local_ids
- | null overloaded_ids || null lie_for_here
- -- Common case
- = returnTc (init_lie, EmptyMonoBinds)
-
- | otherwise
- = reduceContext (text "bindInsts" <+> ppr local_ids)
- try_me [] lie_for_here `thenTc` \ (binds, frees, irreds) ->
- ASSERT( null irreds )
- returnTc (mkLIE frees `plusLIE` mkLIE lie_not_for_here, binds)
- where
- overloaded_ids = filter is_overloaded local_ids
- is_overloaded id = case splitSigmaTy (idType id) of
- (_, theta, _) -> not (null theta)
+Note [SUPER]. We have to be careful here. If we are *given* d1:Ord a,
+and want to deduce (d2:C [a]) where
- overloaded_set = mkVarSet overloaded_ids -- There can occasionally be a lot of them
- -- so it's worth building a set, so that
- -- lookup (in isMethodFor) is faster
+ class Ord a => C a where
+ instance Ord a => C [a] where ...
- -- No sense in repeatedly zonking lots of
- -- constant constraints so filter them out here
- (lie_for_here, lie_not_for_here) = partition (isMethodFor overloaded_set)
- (bagToList init_lie)
- try_me inst | isMethodFor overloaded_set inst = ReduceMe AddToIrreds
- | otherwise = Free
-\end{code}
+Then we'll use the instance decl to deduce C [a] and then add the
+superclasses of C [a] to avails. But we must not overwrite the binding
+for d1:Ord a (which is given) with a superclass selection or we'll just
+build a loop! Hence looking for BoundTo. Crudely, BoundTo is cheaper
+than a selection.
%************************************************************************
%* *
-\section[Disambig]{Disambiguation of overloading}
+\section{tcSimplifyTop: defaulting}
%* *
%************************************************************************
If a dictionary constrains a type variable which is
-\begin{itemize}
-\item
-not mentioned in the environment
-\item
-and not mentioned in the type of the expression
-\end{itemize}
+ * not mentioned in the environment
+ * and not mentioned in the type of the expression
then it is ambiguous. No further information will arise to instantiate
the type variable; nor will it be generalised and turned into an extra
parameter to a function.
It is an error for this to occur, except that Haskell provided for
certain rules to be applied in the special case of numeric types.
-
Specifically, if
-\begin{itemize}
-\item
-at least one of its classes is a numeric class, and
-\item
-all of its classes are numeric or standard
-\end{itemize}
+ * at least one of its classes is a numeric class, and
+ * all of its classes are numeric or standard
then the type variable can be defaulted to the first type in the
default-type list which is an instance of all the offending classes.
complains. It works by splitting the dictionary list by type
variable, and using @disambigOne@ to do the real business.
+@tcSimplifyTop@ is called once per module to simplify all the constant
+and ambiguous Insts.
+
+We need to be careful of one case. Suppose we have
+
+ instance Num a => Num (Foo a b) where ...
+
+and @tcSimplifyTop@ is given a constraint (Num (Foo x y)). Then it'll simplify
+to (Num x), and default x to Int. But what about y??
+
+It's OK: the final zonking stage should zap y to (), which is fine.
-@tcSimplifyTop@ is called once per module to simplify
-all the constant and ambiguous Insts.
\begin{code}
-tcSimplifyTop :: LIE -> TcM s TcDictBinds
+tcSimplifyTop :: LIE -> TcM TcDictBinds
tcSimplifyTop wanted_lie
- = reduceContext (text "tcSimplTop") try_me [] wanteds `thenTc` \ (binds1, frees, irreds) ->
+ = simpleReduceLoop (text "tcSimplTop") try_me wanteds `thenTc` \ (frees, binds, irreds) ->
ASSERT( null frees )
let
-- All the non-std ones are definite errors
(stds, non_stds) = partition isStdClassTyVarDict irreds
-
-- Group by type variable
std_groups = equivClasses cmp_by_tyvar stds
-- Pick the ones which its worth trying to disambiguate
(std_oks, std_bads) = partition worth_a_try std_groups
- -- Have a try at disambiguation
+
+ -- Have a try at disambiguation
-- if the type variable isn't bound
-- up with one of the non-standard classes
- worth_a_try group@(d:_) = isEmptyVarSet (tyVarsOfInst d `intersectVarSet` non_std_tyvars)
+ worth_a_try group@(d:_) = not (non_std_tyvars `intersectsVarSet` tyVarsOfInst d)
non_std_tyvars = unionVarSets (map tyVarsOfInst non_stds)
-- Collect together all the bad guys
bad_guys = non_stds ++ concat std_bads
in
-
-- Disambiguate the ones that look feasible
mapTc disambigGroup std_oks `thenTc` \ binds_ambig ->
-- And complain about the ones that don't
- mapNF_Tc complain bad_guys `thenNF_Tc_`
+ -- This group includes both non-existent instances
+ -- e.g. Num (IO a) and Eq (Int -> Int)
+ -- and ambiguous dictionaries
+ -- e.g. Num a
+ addTopAmbigErrs bad_guys `thenNF_Tc_`
- returnTc (binds1 `andMonoBinds` andMonoBindList binds_ambig)
+ returnTc (binds `andMonoBinds` andMonoBindList binds_ambig)
where
- wanteds = bagToList wanted_lie
- try_me inst = ReduceMe AddToIrreds
+ wanteds = lieToList wanted_lie
+ try_me inst = ReduceMe
d1 `cmp_by_tyvar` d2 = get_tv d1 `compare` get_tv d2
- complain d | isEmptyVarSet (tyVarsOfInst d) = addTopInstanceErr d
- | otherwise = addAmbigErr tyVarsOfInst d
-
get_tv d = case getDictClassTys d of
- (clas, [ty]) -> getTyVar "tcSimplifyTop" ty
+ (clas, [ty]) -> tcGetTyVar "tcSimplify" ty
get_clas d = case getDictClassTys d of
(clas, [ty]) -> clas
\end{code}
\begin{code}
disambigGroup :: [Inst] -- All standard classes of form (C a)
- -> TcM s TcDictBinds
+ -> TcM TcDictBinds
disambigGroup dicts
| any isNumericClass classes -- Guaranteed all standard classes
- -- see comment at the end of function for reasons as to
+ -- see comment at the end of function for reasons as to
-- why the defaulting mechanism doesn't apply to groups that
-- include CCallable or CReturnable dicts.
&& not (any isCcallishClass classes)
try_default (default_ty : default_tys)
= tryTc_ (try_default default_tys) $ -- If default_ty fails, we try
-- default_tys instead
- tcSimplifyCheckThetas [] thetas `thenTc` \ _ ->
+ tcSimplifyCheckThetas [] theta `thenTc` \ _ ->
returnTc default_ty
where
- thetas = classes `zip` repeat [default_ty]
+ theta = [mkClassPred clas [default_ty] | clas <- classes]
in
-- See if any default works, and if so bind the type variable to it
-- If not, add an AmbigErr
- recoverTc (complain dicts `thenNF_Tc_` returnTc EmptyMonoBinds) $
+ recoverTc (addAmbigErrs dicts `thenNF_Tc_`
+ returnTc EmptyMonoBinds) $
try_default default_tys `thenTc` \ chosen_default_ty ->
-- Bind the type variable and reduce the context, for real this time
- let
- chosen_default_tc_ty = typeToTcType chosen_default_ty -- Tiresome!
- in
- unifyTauTy chosen_default_tc_ty (mkTyVarTy tyvar) `thenTc_`
- reduceContext (text "disambig" <+> ppr dicts)
- try_me [] dicts `thenTc` \ (binds, frees, ambigs) ->
- ASSERT( null frees && null ambigs )
+ unifyTauTy chosen_default_ty (mkTyVarTy tyvar) `thenTc_`
+ simpleReduceLoop (text "disambig" <+> ppr dicts)
+ try_me dicts `thenTc` \ (frees, binds, ambigs) ->
+ WARN( not (null frees && null ambigs), ppr frees $$ ppr ambigs )
warnDefault dicts chosen_default_ty `thenTc_`
returnTc binds
| all isCreturnableClass classes
- = -- Default CCall stuff to (); we don't even both to check that () is an
+ = -- Default CCall stuff to (); we don't even both to check that () is an
-- instance of CReturnable, because we know it is.
unifyTauTy (mkTyVarTy tyvar) unitTy `thenTc_`
returnTc EmptyMonoBinds
-
+
| otherwise -- No defaults
- = complain dicts `thenNF_Tc_`
+ = addAmbigErrs dicts `thenNF_Tc_`
returnTc EmptyMonoBinds
where
- complain = addAmbigErrs tyVarsOfInst
- try_me inst = ReduceMe AddToIrreds -- This reduce should not fail
+ try_me inst = ReduceMe -- This reduce should not fail
tyvar = get_tv (head dicts) -- Should be non-empty
classes = map get_clas dicts
\end{code}
results) of a restricted set of 'native' types. This is
implemented via the help of the pseudo-type classes,
@CReturnable@ (CR) and @CCallable@ (CC.)
-
+
The interaction between the defaulting mechanism for numeric
values and CC & CR can be a bit puzzling to the user at times.
For example,
of (Integer, Double), 'x' has type Double, since Integer
is not an instance of CR. If the default list is equal to
Haskell 1.4's default-default of (Int, Double), 'x' has type
-Int.
+Int.
To try to minimise the potential for surprises here, the
defaulting mechanism is turned off in the presence of
CCallable and CReturnable.
-]
+End of aside]
-Errors and contexts
-~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
-ToDo: for these error messages, should we note the location as coming
-from the insts, or just whatever seems to be around in the monad just
-now?
+
+%************************************************************************
+%* *
+\subsection[simple]{@Simple@ versions}
+%* *
+%************************************************************************
+
+Much simpler versions when there are no bindings to make!
+
+@tcSimplifyThetas@ simplifies class-type constraints formed by
+@deriving@ declarations and when specialising instances. We are
+only interested in the simplified bunch of class/type constraints.
+
+It simplifies to constraints of the form (C a b c) where
+a,b,c are type variables. This is required for the context of
+instance declarations.
\begin{code}
-genCantGenErr insts -- Can't generalise these Insts
- = sep [ptext SLIT("Cannot generalise these overloadings (in a _ccall_):"),
- nest 4 (pprInstsInFull insts)
- ]
+tcSimplifyThetas :: ThetaType -- Wanted
+ -> TcM ThetaType -- Needed
+
+tcSimplifyThetas wanteds
+ = doptsTc Opt_GlasgowExts `thenNF_Tc` \ glaExts ->
+ reduceSimple [] wanteds `thenNF_Tc` \ irreds ->
+ let
+ -- For multi-param Haskell, check that the returned dictionaries
+ -- don't have any of the form (C Int Bool) for which
+ -- we expect an instance here
+ -- For Haskell 98, check that all the constraints are of the form C a,
+ -- where a is a type variable
+ bad_guys | glaExts = [pred | pred <- irreds,
+ isEmptyVarSet (tyVarsOfPred pred)]
+ | otherwise = [pred | pred <- irreds,
+ not (isTyVarClassPred pred)]
+ in
+ if null bad_guys then
+ returnTc irreds
+ else
+ mapNF_Tc addNoInstErr bad_guys `thenNF_Tc_`
+ failTc
+\end{code}
+
+@tcSimplifyCheckThetas@ just checks class-type constraints, essentially;
+used with \tr{default} declarations. We are only interested in
+whether it worked or not.
-addAmbigErrs ambig_tv_fn dicts = mapNF_Tc (addAmbigErr ambig_tv_fn) dicts
+\begin{code}
+tcSimplifyCheckThetas :: ThetaType -- Given
+ -> ThetaType -- Wanted
+ -> TcM ()
-addAmbigErr ambig_tv_fn dict
- = addInstErrTcM (instLoc dict)
- (tidy_env,
- sep [text "Ambiguous type variable(s)" <+>
- hsep (punctuate comma (map (quotes . ppr) ambig_tvs)),
- nest 4 (text "in the constraint" <+> quotes (pprInst tidy_dict))])
+tcSimplifyCheckThetas givens wanteds
+ = reduceSimple givens wanteds `thenNF_Tc` \ irreds ->
+ if null irreds then
+ returnTc ()
+ else
+ mapNF_Tc addNoInstErr irreds `thenNF_Tc_`
+ failTc
+\end{code}
+
+
+\begin{code}
+type AvailsSimple = FiniteMap PredType Bool
+ -- True => irreducible
+ -- False => given, or can be derived from a given or from an irreducible
+
+reduceSimple :: ThetaType -- Given
+ -> ThetaType -- Wanted
+ -> NF_TcM ThetaType -- Irreducible
+
+reduceSimple givens wanteds
+ = reduce_simple (0,[]) givens_fm wanteds `thenNF_Tc` \ givens_fm' ->
+ returnNF_Tc [pred | (pred,True) <- fmToList givens_fm']
where
- ambig_tvs = varSetElems (ambig_tv_fn tidy_dict)
- (tidy_env, tidy_dict) = tidyInst emptyTidyEnv dict
+ givens_fm = foldl addNonIrred emptyFM givens
-warnDefault dicts default_ty
- | not opt_WarnTypeDefaults
- = returnNF_Tc ()
+reduce_simple :: (Int,ThetaType) -- Stack
+ -> AvailsSimple
+ -> ThetaType
+ -> NF_TcM AvailsSimple
+
+reduce_simple (n,stack) avails wanteds
+ = go avails wanteds
+ where
+ go avails [] = returnNF_Tc avails
+ go avails (w:ws) = reduce_simple_help (n+1,w:stack) avails w `thenNF_Tc` \ avails' ->
+ go avails' ws
+
+reduce_simple_help stack givens wanted
+ | wanted `elemFM` givens
+ = returnNF_Tc givens
+
+ | Just (clas, tys) <- getClassPredTys_maybe wanted
+ = lookupSimpleInst clas tys `thenNF_Tc` \ maybe_theta ->
+ case maybe_theta of
+ Nothing -> returnNF_Tc (addSimpleIrred givens wanted)
+ Just theta -> reduce_simple stack (addNonIrred givens wanted) theta
| otherwise
- = warnTc True msg
+ = returnNF_Tc (addSimpleIrred givens wanted)
+
+addSimpleIrred :: AvailsSimple -> PredType -> AvailsSimple
+addSimpleIrred givens pred
+ = addSCs (addToFM givens pred True) pred
+
+addNonIrred :: AvailsSimple -> PredType -> AvailsSimple
+addNonIrred givens pred
+ = addSCs (addToFM givens pred False) pred
+
+addSCs givens pred
+ | not (isClassPred pred) = givens
+ | otherwise = foldl add givens sc_theta
+ where
+ Just (clas,tys) = getClassPredTys_maybe pred
+ (tyvars, sc_theta_tmpl, _, _) = classBigSig clas
+ sc_theta = substTheta (mkTopTyVarSubst tyvars tys) sc_theta_tmpl
+
+ add givens ct
+ = case lookupFM givens ct of
+ Nothing -> -- Add it and its superclasses
+ addSCs (addToFM givens ct False) ct
+
+ Just True -> -- Set its flag to False; superclasses already done
+ addToFM givens ct False
+
+ Just False -> -- Already done
+ givens
+
+\end{code}
+
+
+%************************************************************************
+%* *
+\section{Errors and contexts}
+%* *
+%************************************************************************
+
+ToDo: for these error messages, should we note the location as coming
+from the insts, or just whatever seems to be around in the monad just
+now?
+
+\begin{code}
+groupInsts :: [Inst] -> [[Inst]]
+-- Group together insts with the same origin
+-- We want to report them together in error messages
+groupInsts [] = []
+groupInsts (inst:insts) = (inst:friends) : groupInsts others
+ where
+ -- (It may seem a bit crude to compare the error messages,
+ -- but it makes sure that we combine just what the user sees,
+ -- and it avoids need equality on InstLocs.)
+ (friends, others) = partition is_friend insts
+ loc_msg = showSDoc (pprInstLoc (instLoc inst))
+ is_friend friend = showSDoc (pprInstLoc (instLoc friend)) == loc_msg
+
+
+addTopAmbigErrs dicts
+ = mapNF_Tc (addTopInstanceErrs tidy_env) (groupInsts no_insts) `thenNF_Tc_`
+ mapNF_Tc (addTopIPErrs tidy_env) (groupInsts bad_ips) `thenNF_Tc_`
+ mapNF_Tc (addAmbigErr tidy_env) ambigs `thenNF_Tc_`
+ returnNF_Tc ()
where
- msg | length dicts > 1
- = (ptext SLIT("Defaulting the following constraint(s) to type") <+> quotes (ppr default_ty))
- $$ pprInstsInFull tidy_dicts
- | otherwise
- = ptext SLIT("Defaulting") <+> quotes (pprInst (head tidy_dicts)) <+>
- ptext SLIT("to type") <+> quotes (ppr default_ty)
+ fixed_tvs = oclose (predsOfInsts tidy_dicts) emptyVarSet
+ (tidy_env, tidy_dicts) = tidyInsts dicts
+ (bad_ips, non_ips) = partition is_ip tidy_dicts
+ (no_insts, ambigs) = partition no_inst non_ips
+ is_ip d = any isIPPred (predsOfInst d)
+ no_inst d = not (isTyVarDict d) || tyVarsOfInst d `subVarSet` fixed_tvs
+
+plural [x] = empty
+plural xs = char 's'
+
+addTopIPErrs tidy_env tidy_dicts
+ = addInstErrTcM (instLoc (head tidy_dicts))
+ (tidy_env,
+ ptext SLIT("Unbound implicit parameter") <> plural tidy_dicts <+> pprInsts tidy_dicts)
+
+-- Used for top-level irreducibles
+addTopInstanceErrs tidy_env tidy_dicts
+ = addInstErrTcM (instLoc (head tidy_dicts))
+ (tidy_env,
+ ptext SLIT("No instance") <> plural tidy_dicts <+>
+ ptext SLIT("for") <+> pprInsts tidy_dicts)
- (_, tidy_dicts) = mapAccumL tidyInst emptyTidyEnv dicts
+addAmbigErrs dicts
+ = mapNF_Tc (addAmbigErr tidy_env) tidy_dicts
+ where
+ (tidy_env, tidy_dicts) = tidyInsts dicts
-addRuleLhsErr dict
- = addInstErrTcM (instLoc dict)
+addAmbigErr tidy_env tidy_dict
+ = addInstErrTcM (instLoc tidy_dict)
(tidy_env,
- vcat [ptext SLIT("Could not deduce") <+> quotes (pprInst tidy_dict),
- nest 4 (ptext SLIT("LHS of a rule must have no overloading"))])
+ sep [text "Ambiguous type variable(s)" <+> pprQuotedList ambig_tvs,
+ nest 4 (text "in the constraint" <+> quotes (pprInst tidy_dict))])
where
- (tidy_env, tidy_dict) = tidyInst emptyTidyEnv dict
+ ambig_tvs = varSetElems (tyVarsOfInst tidy_dict)
--- Used for top-level irreducibles
-addTopInstanceErr dict
- = addInstErrTcM (instLoc dict)
- (tidy_env,
- ptext SLIT("No instance for") <+> quotes (pprInst tidy_dict))
+warnDefault dicts default_ty
+ = doptsTc Opt_WarnTypeDefaults `thenTc` \ warn_flag ->
+ tcAddSrcLoc (get_loc (head dicts)) (warnTc warn_flag warn_msg)
where
- (tidy_env, tidy_dict) = tidyInst emptyTidyEnv dict
-
-addNoInstanceErr str givens dict
- = addInstErrTcM (instLoc dict)
- (tidy_env,
- sep [ptext SLIT("Could not deduce") <+> quotes (pprInst tidy_dict),
- nest 4 $ ptext SLIT("from the context:") <+> pprInsts tidy_givens]
- $$
- ptext SLIT("Probable cause:") <+>
- vcat [sep [ptext SLIT("missing") <+> quotes (pprInst tidy_dict),
- ptext SLIT("in") <+> str],
- if all_tyvars then empty else
- ptext SLIT("or missing instance declaration for") <+> quotes (pprInst tidy_dict)]
- )
+ -- Tidy them first
+ (_, tidy_dicts) = tidyInsts dicts
+ get_loc i = case instLoc i of { (_,loc,_) -> loc }
+ warn_msg = vcat [ptext SLIT("Defaulting the following constraint(s) to type") <+>
+ quotes (ppr default_ty),
+ pprInstsInFull tidy_dicts]
+
+complainCheck doc givens irreds
+ = mapNF_Tc zonkInst given_dicts `thenNF_Tc` \ givens' ->
+ mapNF_Tc (addNoInstanceErrs doc givens') (groupInsts irreds) `thenNF_Tc_`
+ returnNF_Tc ()
where
- all_tyvars = all isTyVarTy tys
- (_, tys) = getDictClassTys dict
- (tidy_env, tidy_dict:tidy_givens) = tidyInsts emptyTidyEnv (dict:givens)
+ given_dicts = filter isDict givens
+ -- Filter out methods, which are only added to
+ -- the given set as an optimisation
+
+addNoInstanceErrs what_doc givens dicts
+ = tcGetInstEnv `thenNF_Tc` \ inst_env ->
+ let
+ (tidy_env1, tidy_givens) = tidyInsts givens
+ (tidy_env2, tidy_dicts) = tidyMoreInsts tidy_env1 dicts
+
+ doc = vcat [sep [herald <+> pprInsts tidy_dicts,
+ nest 4 $ ptext SLIT("from the context") <+> pprInsts tidy_givens],
+ ambig_doc,
+ ptext SLIT("Probable fix:"),
+ nest 4 fix1,
+ nest 4 fix2]
+
+ herald = ptext SLIT("Could not") <+> unambig_doc <+> ptext SLIT("deduce")
+ unambig_doc | ambig_overlap = ptext SLIT("unambiguously")
+ | otherwise = empty
+
+ -- The error message when we don't find a suitable instance
+ -- is complicated by the fact that sometimes this is because
+ -- there is no instance, and sometimes it's because there are
+ -- too many instances (overlap). See the comments in TcEnv.lhs
+ -- with the InstEnv stuff.
+
+ ambig_doc
+ | not ambig_overlap = empty
+ | otherwise
+ = vcat [ptext SLIT("The choice of (overlapping) instance declaration"),
+ nest 4 (ptext SLIT("depends on the instantiation of") <+>
+ quotes (pprWithCommas ppr (varSetElems (tyVarsOfInsts tidy_dicts))))]
+
+ fix1 = sep [ptext SLIT("Add") <+> pprInsts tidy_dicts,
+ ptext SLIT("to the") <+> what_doc]
+
+ fix2 | null instance_dicts
+ = empty
+ | otherwise
+ = ptext SLIT("Or add an instance declaration for") <+> pprInsts instance_dicts
+
+ instance_dicts = [d | d <- tidy_dicts, isClassDict d, not (isTyVarDict d)]
+ -- Insts for which it is worth suggesting an adding an instance declaration
+ -- Exclude implicit parameters, and tyvar dicts
+
+ -- Checks for the ambiguous case when we have overlapping instances
+ ambig_overlap = any ambig_overlap1 dicts
+ ambig_overlap1 dict
+ | isClassDict dict
+ = case lookupInstEnv inst_env clas tys of
+ NoMatch ambig -> ambig
+ other -> False
+ | otherwise = False
+ where
+ (clas,tys) = getDictClassTys dict
+ in
+ addInstErrTcM (instLoc (head dicts)) (tidy_env2, doc)
-- Used for the ...Thetas variants; all top level
-addNoInstErr (c,ts)
- = addErrTc (ptext SLIT("No instance for") <+> quotes (pprConstraint c ts))
+addNoInstErr pred
+ = addErrTc (ptext SLIT("No instance for") <+> quotes (ppr pred))
reduceDepthErr n stack
= vcat [ptext SLIT("Context reduction stack overflow; size =") <+> int n,
nest 4 (pprInstsInFull stack)]
reduceDepthMsg n stack = nest 4 (pprInstsInFull stack)
+
+-----------------------------------------------
+addCantGenErr inst
+ = addErrTc (sep [ptext SLIT("Cannot generalise these overloadings (in a _ccall_):"),
+ nest 4 (ppr inst <+> pprInstLoc (instLoc inst))])
\end{code}
projects / ghc-hetmet.git / blobdiff