X-Git-Url: http://git.megacz.com/?a=blobdiff_plain;f=docs%2Fusers_guide%2Fglasgow_exts.xml;h=89198c426412cef1cbeead168df4819c627b6b7c;hb=52cba3c47b25a78402e542ff63dc905fc5b26b62;hp=a5fba51788c7abf19760dae1980a24d057164e51;hpb=87c441135e53edbd6e322677e48e57ba1aec6bd8;p=ghc-hetmet.git diff --git a/docs/users_guide/glasgow_exts.xml b/docs/users_guide/glasgow_exts.xml index a5fba51..89198c4 100644 --- a/docs/users_guide/glasgow_exts.xml +++ b/docs/users_guide/glasgow_exts.xml @@ -1201,6 +1201,234 @@ output = [ x + + + + Monad comprehensions + monad comprehensions + + + Monad comprehesions generalise the list comprehension notation, + including parallel comprehensions + () and + transform comprenensions () + to work for any monad. + + + Monad comprehensions support: + + + + + Bindings: + + + +[ x + y | x <- Just 1, y <- Just 2 ] + + + + Bindings are translated with the (>>=) and + return functions to the usual do-notation: + + + +do x <- Just 1 + y <- Just 2 + return (x+y) + + + + + + Guards: + + + +[ x | x <- [1..10], x <= 5 ] + + + + Guards are translated with the guard function, + which requires a MonadPlus instance: + + + +do x <- [1..10] + guard (x <= 5) + return x + + + + + + Transform statements (as with -XTransformListComp): + + + +[ x+y | x <- [1..10], y <- [1..x], then take 2 ] + + + + This translates to: + + + +do (x,y) <- take 2 (do x <- [1..10] + y <- [1..x] + return (x,y)) + return (x+y) + + + + + + Group statements (as with -XTransformListComp): + + + +[ x | x <- [1,1,2,2,3], then group by x ] +[ x | x <- [1,1,2,2,3], then group by x using GHC.Exts.groupWith ] +[ x | x <- [1,1,2,2,3], then group using myGroup ] + + + + The basic then group by e statement is + translated using the mgroupWith function, which + requires a MonadGroup instance, defined in + Control.Monad.Group: + + + +do x <- mgroupWith (do x <- [1,1,2,2,3] + return x) + return x + + + + Note that the type of x is changed by the + grouping statement. + + + + The grouping function can also be defined with the + using keyword. + + + + + + Parallel statements (as with -XParallelListComp): + + + +[ (x+y) | x <- [1..10] + | y <- [11..20] + ] + + + + Parallel statements are translated using the + mzip function, which requires a + MonadZip instance defined in + Control.Monad.Zip: + + + +do (x,y) <- mzip (do x <- [1..10] + return x) + (do y <- [11..20] + return y) + return (x+y) + + + + + + + All these features are enabled by default if the + MonadComprehensions extension is enabled. The types + and more detailed examples on how to use comprehensions are explained + in the previous chapters and . In general you just have + to replace the type [a] with the type + Monad m => m a for monad comprehensions. + + + + Note: Even though most of these examples are using the list monad, + monad comprehensions work for any monad. + The base package offers all necessary instances for + lists, which make MonadComprehensions backward + compatible to built-in, transform and parallel list comprehensions. + + More formally, the desugaring is as follows. We write D[ e | Q] +to mean the desugaring of the monad comprehension [ e | Q]: + +Expressions: e +Declarations: d +Lists of qualifiers: Q,R,S + +-- Basic forms +D[ e | ] = return e +D[ e | p <- e, Q ] = e >>= \p -> D[ e | Q ] +D[ e | e, Q ] = guard e >> \p -> D[ e | Q ] +D[ e | let d, Q ] = let d in D[ e | Q ] + +-- Parallel comprehensions (iterate for multiple parallel branches) +D[ e | (Q | R), S ] = mzip D[ Qv | Q ] D[ Rv | R ] >>= \(Qv,Rv) -> D[ e | S ] + +-- Transform comprehensions +D[ e | Q then f, R ] = f D[ Qv | Q ] >>= \Qv -> D[ e | R ] + +D[ e | Q then f by b, R ] = f b D[ Qv | Q ] >>= \Qv -> D[ e | R ] + +D[ e | Q then group using f, R ] = f D[ Qv | Q ] >>= \ys -> + case (fmap selQv1 ys, ..., fmap selQvn ys) of + Qv -> D[ e | R ] + +D[ e | Q then group by b using f, R ] = f b D[ Qv | Q ] >>= \ys -> + case (fmap selQv1 ys, ..., fmap selQvn ys) of + Qv -> D[ e | R ] + +where Qv is the tuple of variables bound by Q (and used subsequently) + selQvi is a selector mapping Qv to the ith component of Qv + +Operator Standard binding Expected type +-------------------------------------------------------------------- +return GHC.Base t1 -> m t2 +(>>=) GHC.Base m1 t1 -> (t2 -> m2 t3) -> m3 t3 +(>>) GHC.Base m1 t1 -> m2 t2 -> m3 t3 +guard Control.Monad t1 -> m t2 +fmap GHC.Base forall a b. (a->b) -> n a -> n b +mgroupWith Control.Monad.Group forall a. (a -> t) -> m1 a -> m2 (n a) +mzip Control.Monad.Zip forall a b. m a -> m b -> m (a,b) + +The comprehension should typecheck when its desugaring would typecheck. + + +Monad comprehensions support rebindable syntax (). +Without rebindable +syntax, the operators from the "standard binding" module are used; with +rebindable syntax, the operators are looked up in the current lexical scope. +For example, parallel comprehensions will be typechecked and desugared +using whatever "mzip" is in scope. + + +The rebindable operators must have the "Expected type" given in the +table above. These types are surprisingly general. For example, you can +use a bind operator with the type + +(>>=) :: T x y a -> (a -> T y z b) -> T x z b + +In the case of transform comprehensions, notice that the groups are +parameterised over some arbitrary type n (provided it +has an fmap, as well as +the comprehension being over an arbitrary monad. + + + @@ -5884,7 +6112,7 @@ type variables, in the annotated expression. For example: f = runST ( (op >>= \(x :: STRef s Int) -> g x) :: forall s. ST s Bool ) -Here, the type signature forall a. ST s Bool brings the +Here, the type signature forall s. ST s Bool brings the type variable s into scope, in the annotated expression (op >>= \(x :: STRef s Int) -> g x).