Move error-ids to MkCore (from PrelRules)

[ghc-hetmet.git] / compiler / simplCore / Simplify.lhs

diff --git a/compiler/simplCore/Simplify.lhs b/compiler/simplCore/Simplify.lhs
index ada2e8f..effd245 100644 (file)
--- a/compiler/simplCore/Simplify.lhs
+++ b/compiler/simplCore/Simplify.lhs
@@ -10,33 +10,38 @@ module Simplify ( simplTopBinds, simplExpr ) where
 
 import DynFlags
 import SimplMonad
 
 import DynFlags
 import SimplMonad

-import Type hiding      ( substTy, extendTvSubst )
+import Type hiding      ( substTy, extendTvSubst, substTyVar )

 import SimplEnv
 import SimplUtils
 import SimplEnv
 import SimplUtils

-import Literal         ( mkStringLit )
-import MkId            ( rUNTIME_ERROR_ID )
+import FamInstEnv      ( FamInstEnv )

 import Id
 import Id

+import MkId            ( seqId, realWorldPrimId )
+import MkCore          ( mkImpossibleExpr )

 import Var
 import IdInfo
 import Var
 import IdInfo

+import Name            ( mkSystemVarName, isExternalName )

 import Coercion
 import Coercion

+import OptCoercion     ( optCoercion )

 import FamInstEnv       ( topNormaliseType )
 import FamInstEnv       ( topNormaliseType )

-import DataCon          ( dataConRepStrictness, dataConUnivTyVars )
+import DataCon          ( DataCon, dataConWorkId, dataConRepStrictness )
+import CoreMonad       ( SimplifierSwitch(..), Tick(..) )

 import CoreSyn
 import CoreSyn

-import NewDemand        ( isStrictDmd )
+import Demand           ( isStrictDmd, splitStrictSig )

 import PprCore          ( pprParendExpr, pprCoreExpr )
 import PprCore          ( pprParendExpr, pprCoreExpr )

-import CoreUnfold       ( mkUnfolding, callSiteInline, CallCtxt(..) )
+import CoreUnfold       ( mkUnfolding, mkCoreUnfolding, mkInlineRule, 
+                          exprIsConApp_maybe, callSiteInline, CallCtxt(..) )

 import CoreUtils
 import CoreUtils

-import Rules            ( lookupRule )
-import BasicTypes       ( isMarkedStrict )
-import CostCentre       ( currentCCS )
+import qualified CoreSubst
+import CoreArity       ( exprArity )
+import Rules            ( lookupRule, getRules )
+import BasicTypes       ( isMarkedStrict, Arity )
+import CostCentre       ( currentCCS, pushCCisNop )

 import TysPrim          ( realWorldStatePrimTy )
 import TysPrim          ( realWorldStatePrimTy )

-import PrelInfo         ( realWorldPrimId )
-import BasicTypes       ( TopLevelFlag(..), isTopLevel,
-                          RecFlag(..), isNonRuleLoopBreaker )
+import BasicTypes       ( TopLevelFlag(..), isTopLevel, RecFlag(..) )
+import MonadUtils      ( foldlM, mapAccumLM )

 import Maybes           ( orElse )
 import Data.List        ( mapAccumL )
 import Outputable
 import Maybes           ( orElse )
 import Data.List        ( mapAccumL )
 import Outputable

-import MonadUtils

 import FastString
 \end{code}
 
 import FastString
 \end{code}
 

@@ -201,7 +206,7 @@ expansion at a let RHS can concentrate solely on the PAP case.
 %************************************************************************
 
 \begin{code}
 %************************************************************************
 
 \begin{code}

-simplTopBinds :: SimplEnv -> [InBind] -> SimplM [OutBind]
+simplTopBinds :: SimplEnv -> [InBind] -> SimplM SimplEnv

 
 simplTopBinds env0 binds0
   = do  {       -- Put all the top-level binders into scope at the start
 
 simplTopBinds env0 binds0
   = do  {       -- Put all the top-level binders into scope at the start

@@ -210,11 +215,10 @@ simplTopBinds env0 binds0
                 -- It's rather as if the top-level binders were imported.
         ; env1 <- simplRecBndrs env0 (bindersOfBinds binds0)
         ; dflags <- getDOptsSmpl
                 -- It's rather as if the top-level binders were imported.
         ; env1 <- simplRecBndrs env0 (bindersOfBinds binds0)
         ; dflags <- getDOptsSmpl

-        ; let dump_flag = dopt Opt_D_dump_inlinings dflags ||
-                          dopt Opt_D_dump_rule_firings dflags
+        ; let dump_flag = dopt Opt_D_verbose_core2core dflags

         ; env2 <- simpl_binds dump_flag env1 binds0
         ; freeTick SimplifierDone
         ; env2 <- simpl_binds dump_flag env1 binds0
         ; freeTick SimplifierDone

-        ; return (getFloats env2) }
+        ; return env2 }

   where
         -- We need to track the zapped top-level binders, because
         -- they should have their fragile IdInfo zapped (notably occurrence info)
   where
         -- We need to track the zapped top-level binders, because
         -- they should have their fragile IdInfo zapped (notably occurrence info)

@@ -256,7 +260,7 @@ simplRecBind env0 top_lvl pairs0
         ; env1 <- go (zapFloats env_with_info) triples
         ; return (env0 `addRecFloats` env1) }
         -- addFloats adds the floats from env1,
         ; env1 <- go (zapFloats env_with_info) triples
         ; return (env0 `addRecFloats` env1) }
         -- addFloats adds the floats from env1,

-        -- *and* updates env0 with the in-scope set from env1
+        -- _and_ updates env0 with the in-scope set from env1

   where
     add_rules :: SimplEnv -> (InBndr,InExpr) -> (SimplEnv, (InBndr, OutBndr, InExpr))
         -- Add the (substituted) rules to the binder
   where
     add_rules :: SimplEnv -> (InBndr,InExpr) -> (SimplEnv, (InBndr, OutBndr, InExpr))
         -- Add the (substituted) rules to the binder

@@ -332,15 +336,14 @@ simplLazyBind env top_lvl is_rec bndr bndr1 rhs rhs_se
                 -- See Note [Floating and type abstraction] in SimplUtils
 
         -- Simplify the RHS
                 -- See Note [Floating and type abstraction] in SimplUtils
 
         -- Simplify the RHS

-        ; (body_env1, body1) <- simplExprF body_env body mkBoringStop
-
+        ; (body_env1, body1) <- simplExprF body_env body mkRhsStop

         -- ANF-ise a constructor or PAP rhs
         -- ANF-ise a constructor or PAP rhs

-        ; (body_env2, body2) <- prepareRhs body_env1 body1
+        ; (body_env2, body2) <- prepareRhs top_lvl body_env1 bndr1 body1

 
         ; (env', rhs')
             <-  if not (doFloatFromRhs top_lvl is_rec False body2 body_env2)
 
         ; (env', rhs')
             <-  if not (doFloatFromRhs top_lvl is_rec False body2 body_env2)

-                then                            -- No floating, just wrap up!
-                     do { rhs' <- mkLam tvs' (wrapFloats body_env2 body2)
+                then                            -- No floating, revert to body1
+                     do { rhs' <- mkLam env tvs' (wrapFloats body_env1 body1)

                         ; return (env, rhs') }
 
                 else if null tvs then           -- Simple floating
                         ; return (env, rhs') }
 
                 else if null tvs then           -- Simple floating

@@ -350,22 +353,11 @@ simplLazyBind env top_lvl is_rec bndr bndr1 rhs rhs_se
                 else                            -- Do type-abstraction first
                      do { tick LetFloatFromLet
                         ; (poly_binds, body3) <- abstractFloats tvs' body_env2 body2
                 else                            -- Do type-abstraction first
                      do { tick LetFloatFromLet
                         ; (poly_binds, body3) <- abstractFloats tvs' body_env2 body2

-                        ; rhs' <- mkLam tvs' body3
-                        ; env' <- foldlM add_poly_bind env poly_binds
+                        ; rhs' <- mkLam env tvs' body3
+                        ; env' <- foldlM (addPolyBind top_lvl) env poly_binds

                         ; return (env', rhs') }
 
         ; completeBind env' top_lvl bndr bndr1 rhs' }
                         ; return (env', rhs') }
 
         ; completeBind env' top_lvl bndr bndr1 rhs' }

-  where
-    add_poly_bind env (NonRec poly_id rhs)
-       = completeBind env top_lvl poly_id poly_id rhs
-               -- completeBind adds the new binding in the
-               -- proper way (ie complete with unfolding etc),
-               -- and extends the in-scope set
-    add_poly_bind env bind@(Rec _)
-       = return (extendFloats env bind)
-               -- Hack: letrecs are more awkward, so we extend "by steam"
-               -- without adding unfoldings etc.  At worst this leads to
-               -- more simplifier iterations

 \end{code}
 
 A specialised variant of simplNonRec used when the RHS is already simplified,
 \end{code}
 
 A specialised variant of simplNonRec used when the RHS is already simplified,

@@ -378,18 +370,22 @@ simplNonRecX :: SimplEnv
              -> SimplM SimplEnv
 
 simplNonRecX env bndr new_rhs
              -> SimplM SimplEnv
 
 simplNonRecX env bndr new_rhs

+  | isDeadBinder bndr  -- Not uncommon; e.g. case (a,b) of b { (p,q) -> p }
+  = return env         --               Here b is dead, and we avoid creating
+  | otherwise          --               the binding b = (a,b)

   = do  { (env', bndr') <- simplBinder env bndr
   = do  { (env', bndr') <- simplBinder env bndr

-        ; completeNonRecX env' (isStrictId bndr) bndr bndr' new_rhs }
+        ; completeNonRecX NotTopLevel env' (isStrictId bndr) bndr bndr' new_rhs }
+               -- simplNonRecX is only used for NotTopLevel things

 
 

-completeNonRecX :: SimplEnv
+completeNonRecX :: TopLevelFlag -> SimplEnv

                 -> Bool
                 -> InId                 -- Old binder
                 -> OutId                -- New binder
                 -> OutExpr              -- Simplified RHS
                 -> SimplM SimplEnv
 
                 -> Bool
                 -> InId                 -- Old binder
                 -> OutId                -- New binder
                 -> OutExpr              -- Simplified RHS
                 -> SimplM SimplEnv
 

-completeNonRecX env is_strict old_bndr new_bndr new_rhs
-  = do  { (env1, rhs1) <- prepareRhs (zapFloats env) new_rhs
+completeNonRecX top_lvl env is_strict old_bndr new_bndr new_rhs
+  = do  { (env1, rhs1) <- prepareRhs top_lvl (zapFloats env) new_bndr new_rhs

         ; (env2, rhs2) <-
                 if doFloatFromRhs NotTopLevel NonRecursive is_strict rhs1 env1
                 then do { tick LetFloatFromLet
         ; (env2, rhs2) <-
                 if doFloatFromRhs NotTopLevel NonRecursive is_strict rhs1 env1
                 then do { tick LetFloatFromLet

@@ -440,36 +436,42 @@ Here we want to make e1,e2 trivial and get
 That's what the 'go' loop in prepareRhs does
 
 \begin{code}
 That's what the 'go' loop in prepareRhs does
 
 \begin{code}

-prepareRhs :: SimplEnv -> OutExpr -> SimplM (SimplEnv, OutExpr)
+prepareRhs :: TopLevelFlag -> SimplEnv -> OutId -> OutExpr -> SimplM (SimplEnv, OutExpr)

 -- Adds new floats to the env iff that allows us to return a good RHS
 -- Adds new floats to the env iff that allows us to return a good RHS

-prepareRhs env (Cast rhs co)    -- Note [Float coercions]
+prepareRhs top_lvl env id (Cast rhs co)    -- Note [Float coercions]

   | (ty1, _ty2) <- coercionKind co       -- Do *not* do this if rhs has an unlifted type
   , not (isUnLiftedType ty1)            -- see Note [Float coercions (unlifted)]
   | (ty1, _ty2) <- coercionKind co       -- Do *not* do this if rhs has an unlifted type
   , not (isUnLiftedType ty1)            -- see Note [Float coercions (unlifted)]

-  = do  { (env', rhs') <- makeTrivial env rhs
+  = do  { (env', rhs') <- makeTrivialWithInfo top_lvl env sanitised_info rhs

         ; return (env', Cast rhs' co) }
         ; return (env', Cast rhs' co) }

+  where
+    sanitised_info = vanillaIdInfo `setStrictnessInfo` strictnessInfo info
+                                   `setDemandInfo`     demandInfo info
+    info = idInfo id

 
 

-prepareRhs env0 rhs0
-  = do  { (_is_val, env1, rhs1) <- go 0 env0 rhs0
+prepareRhs top_lvl env0 _ rhs0
+  = do  { (_is_exp, env1, rhs1) <- go 0 env0 rhs0

         ; return (env1, rhs1) }
   where
     go n_val_args env (Cast rhs co)
         ; return (env1, rhs1) }
   where
     go n_val_args env (Cast rhs co)

-        = do { (is_val, env', rhs') <- go n_val_args env rhs
-             ; return (is_val, env', Cast rhs' co) }
+        = do { (is_exp, env', rhs') <- go n_val_args env rhs
+             ; return (is_exp, env', Cast rhs' co) }

     go n_val_args env (App fun (Type ty))
     go n_val_args env (App fun (Type ty))

-        = do { (is_val, env', rhs') <- go n_val_args env fun
-             ; return (is_val, env', App rhs' (Type ty)) }
+        = do { (is_exp, env', rhs') <- go n_val_args env fun
+             ; return (is_exp, env', App rhs' (Type ty)) }

     go n_val_args env (App fun arg)
     go n_val_args env (App fun arg)

-        = do { (is_val, env', fun') <- go (n_val_args+1) env fun
-             ; case is_val of
-                True -> do { (env'', arg') <- makeTrivial env' arg
+        = do { (is_exp, env', fun') <- go (n_val_args+1) env fun
+             ; case is_exp of
+                True -> do { (env'', arg') <- makeTrivial top_lvl env' arg

                            ; return (True, env'', App fun' arg') }
                 False -> return (False, env, App fun arg) }
     go n_val_args env (Var fun)
                            ; return (True, env'', App fun' arg') }
                 False -> return (False, env, App fun arg) }
     go n_val_args env (Var fun)

-        = return (is_val, env, Var fun)
+        = return (is_exp, env, Var fun)

         where
         where

-          is_val = n_val_args > 0       -- There is at least one arg
-                                        -- ...and the fun a constructor or PAP
-                 && (isDataConWorkId fun || n_val_args < idArity fun)
+          is_exp = isExpandableApp fun n_val_args   -- The fun a constructor or PAP
+                       -- See Note [CONLIKE pragma] in BasicTypes
+                       -- The definition of is_exp should match that in
+                       -- OccurAnal.occAnalApp
+

     go _ env other
         = return (False, env, other)
 \end{code}
     go _ env other
         = return (False, env, other)
 \end{code}

@@ -497,6 +499,17 @@ and lead to further optimisation.  Example:
           go n = case x of { T m -> go (n-m) }
                 -- This case should optimise
 
           go n = case x of { T m -> go (n-m) }
                 -- This case should optimise
 

+Note [Preserve strictness when floating coercions]
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+In the Note [Float coercions] transformation, keep the strictness info.
+Eg
+       f = e `cast` co    -- f has strictness SSL
+When we transform to
+        f' = e            -- f' also has strictness SSL
+        f = f' `cast` co   -- f still has strictness SSL
+
+Its not wrong to drop it on the floor, but better to keep it.
+

 Note [Float coercions (unlifted)]
 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
 BUT don't do [Float coercions] if 'e' has an unlifted type.
 Note [Float coercions (unlifted)]
 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
 BUT don't do [Float coercions] if 'e' has an unlifted type.

@@ -515,17 +528,68 @@ These strange casts can happen as a result of case-of-case
 
 
 \begin{code}
 
 
 \begin{code}

-makeTrivial :: SimplEnv -> OutExpr -> SimplM (SimplEnv, OutExpr)
+makeTrivial :: TopLevelFlag -> SimplEnv -> OutExpr -> SimplM (SimplEnv, OutExpr)

 -- Binds the expression to a variable, if it's not trivial, returning the variable
 -- Binds the expression to a variable, if it's not trivial, returning the variable

-makeTrivial env expr
-  | exprIsTrivial expr
+makeTrivial top_lvl env expr = makeTrivialWithInfo top_lvl env vanillaIdInfo expr
+
+makeTrivialWithInfo :: TopLevelFlag -> SimplEnv -> IdInfo 
+                    -> OutExpr -> SimplM (SimplEnv, OutExpr)
+-- Propagate strictness and demand info to the new binder
+-- Note [Preserve strictness when floating coercions]
+-- Returned SimplEnv has same substitution as incoming one
+makeTrivialWithInfo top_lvl env info expr
+  | exprIsTrivial expr                                 -- Already trivial
+  || not (bindingOk top_lvl expr expr_ty)      -- Cannot trivialise
+                                               --   See Note [Cannot trivialise]

   = return (env, expr)
   | otherwise           -- See Note [Take care] below
   = return (env, expr)
   | otherwise           -- See Note [Take care] below

-  = do  { var <- newId (fsLit "a") (exprType expr)
-        ; env' <- completeNonRecX env False var var expr
-        ; return (env', substExpr env' (Var var)) }
+  = do  { uniq <- getUniqueM
+        ; let name = mkSystemVarName uniq (fsLit "a")
+              var = mkLocalIdWithInfo name expr_ty info
+        ; env' <- completeNonRecX top_lvl env False var var expr
+       ; expr' <- simplVar env' var
+        ; return (env', expr') }
+       -- The simplVar is needed becase we're constructing a new binding
+       --     a = rhs
+       -- And if rhs is of form (rhs1 |> co), then we might get
+       --     a1 = rhs1
+       --     a = a1 |> co
+       -- and now a's RHS is trivial and can be substituted out, and that
+       -- is what completeNonRecX will do
+       -- To put it another way, it's as if we'd simplified
+       --    let var = e in var
+  where
+    expr_ty = exprType expr
+
+bindingOk :: TopLevelFlag -> CoreExpr -> Type -> Bool
+-- True iff we can have a binding of this expression at this level
+-- Precondition: the type is the type of the expression
+bindingOk top_lvl _ expr_ty
+  | isTopLevel top_lvl = not (isUnLiftedType expr_ty) 
+  | otherwise          = True

 \end{code}
 
 \end{code}
 

+Note [Cannot trivialise]
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+Consider tih
+   f :: Int -> Addr#
+   
+   foo :: Bar
+   foo = Bar (f 3)
+
+Then we can't ANF-ise foo, even though we'd like to, because
+we can't make a top-level binding for the Addr# (f 3). And if
+so we don't want to turn it into
+   foo = let x = f 3 in Bar x
+because we'll just end up inlining x back, and that makes the
+simplifier loop.  Better not to ANF-ise it at all.
+
+A case in point is literal strings (a MachStr is not regarded as
+trivial):
+
+   foo = Ptr "blob"#
+
+We don't want to ANF-ise this.

 
 %************************************************************************
 %*                                                                      *
 
 %************************************************************************
 %*                                                                      *

@@ -563,63 +627,166 @@ completeBind :: SimplEnv
 --      * or by adding to the floats in the envt
 
 completeBind env top_lvl old_bndr new_bndr new_rhs
 --      * or by adding to the floats in the envt
 
 completeBind env top_lvl old_bndr new_bndr new_rhs

-  | postInlineUnconditionally env top_lvl new_bndr occ_info new_rhs unfolding
-                -- Inline and discard the binding
-  = do  { tick (PostInlineUnconditionally old_bndr)
-        ; -- pprTrace "postInlineUnconditionally" (ppr old_bndr <+> ppr new_bndr <+> ppr new_rhs) $
-          return (extendIdSubst env old_bndr (DoneEx new_rhs)) }
-        -- Use the substitution to make quite, quite sure that the
-        -- substitution will happen, since we are going to discard the binding
-
-  |  otherwise
-  = let
-        --      Arity info
-        new_bndr_info = idInfo new_bndr `setArityInfo` exprArity new_rhs
-
-        --      Unfolding info
-        -- Add the unfolding *only* for non-loop-breakers
-        -- Making loop breakers not have an unfolding at all
-        -- means that we can avoid tests in exprIsConApp, for example.
-        -- This is important: if exprIsConApp says 'yes' for a recursive
-        -- thing, then we can get into an infinite loop
-
-        --      Demand info
-        -- If the unfolding is a value, the demand info may
-        -- go pear-shaped, so we nuke it.  Example:
-        --      let x = (a,b) in
-        --      case x of (p,q) -> h p q x
-        -- Here x is certainly demanded. But after we've nuked
-        -- the case, we'll get just
-        --      let x = (a,b) in h a b x
-        -- and now x is not demanded (I'm assuming h is lazy)
-        -- This really happens.  Similarly
-        --      let f = \x -> e in ...f..f...
-        -- After inlining f at some of its call sites the original binding may
-        -- (for example) be no longer strictly demanded.
-        -- The solution here is a bit ad hoc...
-        info_w_unf = new_bndr_info `setUnfoldingInfo` unfolding
-                                   `setWorkerInfo`    worker_info
-
-        final_info | omit_unfolding             = new_bndr_info
-                   | isEvaldUnfolding unfolding = zapDemandInfo info_w_unf `orElse` info_w_unf
-                   | otherwise                  = info_w_unf
-
-        final_id = new_bndr `setIdInfo` final_info
+  = do { let old_info = idInfo old_bndr
+             old_unf  = unfoldingInfo old_info
+             occ_info = occInfo old_info
+
+       ; new_unfolding <- simplUnfolding env top_lvl old_bndr occ_info new_rhs old_unf
+
+       ; if postInlineUnconditionally env top_lvl new_bndr occ_info new_rhs new_unfolding
+                       -- Inline and discard the binding
+         then do  { tick (PostInlineUnconditionally old_bndr)
+                  ; -- pprTrace "postInlineUnconditionally" (ppr old_bndr <+> equals <+> ppr new_rhs) $
+                     return (extendIdSubst env old_bndr (DoneEx new_rhs)) }
+               -- Use the substitution to make quite, quite sure that the
+               -- substitution will happen, since we are going to discard the binding
+
+         else return (addNonRecWithUnf env new_bndr new_rhs new_unfolding) }
+
+------------------------------
+addPolyBind :: TopLevelFlag -> SimplEnv -> OutBind -> SimplM SimplEnv
+-- Add a new binding to the environment, complete with its unfolding
+-- but *do not* do postInlineUnconditionally, because we have already
+-- processed some of the scope of the binding
+-- We still want the unfolding though.  Consider
+--     let 
+--           x = /\a. let y = ... in Just y
+--     in body
+-- Then we float the y-binding out (via abstractFloats and addPolyBind)
+-- but 'x' may well then be inlined in 'body' in which case we'd like the 
+-- opportunity to inline 'y' too.
+
+addPolyBind top_lvl env (NonRec poly_id rhs)
+  = do { unfolding <- simplUnfolding env top_lvl poly_id NoOccInfo rhs noUnfolding
+                       -- Assumes that poly_id did not have an INLINE prag
+                       -- which is perhaps wrong.  ToDo: think about this
+        ; return (addNonRecWithUnf env poly_id rhs unfolding) }
+
+addPolyBind _ env bind@(Rec _) = return (extendFloats env bind)
+               -- Hack: letrecs are more awkward, so we extend "by steam"
+               -- without adding unfoldings etc.  At worst this leads to
+               -- more simplifier iterations
+
+------------------------------
+addNonRecWithUnf :: SimplEnv
+                -> OutId -> OutExpr    -- New binder and RHS
+                -> Unfolding           -- New unfolding
+                -> SimplEnv
+addNonRecWithUnf env new_bndr new_rhs new_unfolding
+  = let new_arity = exprArity new_rhs
+       old_arity = idArity new_bndr
+        info1 = idInfo new_bndr `setArityInfo` new_arity
+       
+              -- Unfolding info: Note [Setting the new unfolding]
+       info2 = info1 `setUnfoldingInfo` new_unfolding
+
+        -- Demand info: Note [Setting the demand info]
+        info3 | isEvaldUnfolding new_unfolding = zapDemandInfo info2 `orElse` info2
+              | otherwise                      = info2
+
+        final_id = new_bndr `setIdInfo` info3
+       dmd_arity = length $ fst $ splitStrictSig $ idStrictness new_bndr

     in
     in

-                -- These seqs forces the Id, and hence its IdInfo,
-                -- and hence any inner substitutions
-    final_id                                    `seq`
-    -- pprTrace "Binding" (ppr final_id <+> ppr unfolding) $
-    return (addNonRec env final_id new_rhs)
-       -- The addNonRec adds it to the in-scope set too
+    ASSERT( isId new_bndr )
+    WARN( new_arity < old_arity || new_arity < dmd_arity, 
+          (ptext (sLit "Arity decrease:") <+> (ppr final_id <+> ppr old_arity
+               <+> ppr new_arity <+> ppr dmd_arity) $$ ppr new_rhs) )
+       -- Note [Arity decrease]
+
+    final_id `seq`   -- This seq forces the Id, and hence its IdInfo,
+                    -- and hence any inner substitutions
+           -- pprTrace "Binding" (ppr final_id <+> ppr unfolding) $
+    addNonRec env final_id new_rhs
+               -- The addNonRec adds it to the in-scope set too
+
+------------------------------
+simplUnfolding :: SimplEnv-> TopLevelFlag
+              -> Id
+              -> OccInfo -> OutExpr
+              -> Unfolding -> SimplM Unfolding
+-- Note [Setting the new unfolding]
+simplUnfolding env _ _ _ _ (DFunUnfolding ar con ops)
+  = return (DFunUnfolding ar con ops')
+  where
+    ops' = map (substExpr (text "simplUnfolding") env) ops
+
+simplUnfolding env top_lvl id _ _ 
+    (CoreUnfolding { uf_tmpl = expr, uf_arity = arity
+                   , uf_src = src, uf_guidance = guide })
+  | isInlineRuleSource src
+  = do { expr' <- simplExpr rule_env expr
+       ; let src' = CoreSubst.substUnfoldingSource (mkCoreSubst (text "inline-unf") env) src
+       ; return (mkCoreUnfolding (isTopLevel top_lvl) src' expr' arity guide) }
+               -- See Note [Top-level flag on inline rules] in CoreUnfold

   where
   where

-    unfolding      = mkUnfolding (isTopLevel top_lvl) new_rhs
-    worker_info    = substWorker env (workerInfo old_info)
-    omit_unfolding = isNonRuleLoopBreaker occ_info || not (activeInline env old_bndr)
-    old_info       = idInfo old_bndr
-    occ_info       = occInfo old_info
+    act      = idInlineActivation id
+    rule_env = updMode (updModeForInlineRules act) env
+                      -- See Note [Simplifying gently inside InlineRules] in SimplUtils
+
+simplUnfolding _ top_lvl id _occ_info new_rhs _
+  = return (mkUnfolding (isTopLevel top_lvl) (isBottomingId id) new_rhs)
+  -- We make an  unfolding *even for loop-breakers*.
+  -- Reason: (a) It might be useful to know that they are WHNF
+  --        (b) In TidyPgm we currently assume that, if we want to
+  --            expose the unfolding then indeed we *have* an unfolding
+  --            to expose.  (We could instead use the RHS, but currently
+  --            we don't.)  The simple thing is always to have one.

 \end{code}
 
 \end{code}
 

+Note [Arity decrease]
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+Generally speaking the arity of a binding should not decrease.  But it *can* 
+legitimately happen becuase of RULES.  Eg
+       f = g Int
+where g has arity 2, will have arity 2.  But if there's a rewrite rule
+       g Int --> h
+where h has arity 1, then f's arity will decrease.  Here's a real-life example,
+which is in the output of Specialise:
+
+     Rec {
+       $dm {Arity 2} = \d.\x. op d
+       {-# RULES forall d. $dm Int d = $s$dm #-}
+       
+       dInt = MkD .... opInt ...
+       opInt {Arity 1} = $dm dInt
+
+       $s$dm {Arity 0} = \x. op dInt }
+
+Here opInt has arity 1; but when we apply the rule its arity drops to 0.
+That's why Specialise goes to a little trouble to pin the right arity
+on specialised functions too.
+
+Note [Setting the new unfolding]
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+* If there's an INLINE pragma, we simplify the RHS gently.  Maybe we
+  should do nothing at all, but simplifying gently might get rid of 
+  more crap.
+
+* If not, we make an unfolding from the new RHS.  But *only* for
+  non-loop-breakers. Making loop breakers not have an unfolding at all
+  means that we can avoid tests in exprIsConApp, for example.  This is
+  important: if exprIsConApp says 'yes' for a recursive thing, then we
+  can get into an infinite loop
+
+If there's an InlineRule on a loop breaker, we hang on to the inlining.
+It's pretty dodgy, but the user did say 'INLINE'.  May need to revisit
+this choice.
+
+Note [Setting the demand info]
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+If the unfolding is a value, the demand info may
+go pear-shaped, so we nuke it.  Example:
+     let x = (a,b) in
+     case x of (p,q) -> h p q x
+Here x is certainly demanded. But after we've nuked
+the case, we'll get just
+     let x = (a,b) in h a b x
+and now x is not demanded (I'm assuming h is lazy)
+This really happens.  Similarly
+     let f = \x -> e in ...f..f...
+After inlining f at some of its call sites the original binding may
+(for example) be no longer strictly demanded.
+The solution here is a bit ad hoc...

 
 
 %************************************************************************
 
 
 %************************************************************************

@@ -690,7 +857,7 @@ simplExprF env e cont
 
 simplExprF' :: SimplEnv -> InExpr -> SimplCont
             -> SimplM (SimplEnv, OutExpr)
 
 simplExprF' :: SimplEnv -> InExpr -> SimplCont
             -> SimplM (SimplEnv, OutExpr)

-simplExprF' env (Var v)        cont = simplVar env v cont
+simplExprF' env (Var v)        cont = simplVarF env v cont

 simplExprF' env (Lit lit)      cont = rebuild env (Lit lit) cont
 simplExprF' env (Note n expr)  cont = simplNote env n expr cont
 simplExprF' env (Cast body co) cont = simplCast env body co cont
 simplExprF' env (Lit lit)      cont = rebuild env (Lit lit) cont
 simplExprF' env (Note n expr)  cont = simplNote env n expr cont
 simplExprF' env (Cast body co) cont = simplCast env body co cont

@@ -710,14 +877,14 @@ simplExprF' env expr@(Lam _ _) cont
     n_params = length bndrs
     (bndrs, body) = collectBinders expr
     zap | n_args >= n_params = \b -> b
     n_params = length bndrs
     (bndrs, body) = collectBinders expr
     zap | n_args >= n_params = \b -> b

-        | otherwise          = \b -> if isTyVar b then b
+        | otherwise          = \b -> if isTyCoVar b then b

                                      else zapLamIdInfo b
         -- NB: we count all the args incl type args
         -- so we must count all the binders (incl type lambdas)
 
 simplExprF' env (Type ty) cont
   = ASSERT( contIsRhsOrArg cont )
                                      else zapLamIdInfo b
         -- NB: we count all the args incl type args
         -- so we must count all the binders (incl type lambdas)
 
 simplExprF' env (Type ty) cont
   = ASSERT( contIsRhsOrArg cont )

-    do  { ty' <- simplType env ty
+    do  { ty' <- simplCoercion env ty

         ; rebuild env (Type ty') cont }
 
 simplExprF' env (Case scrut bndr _ alts) cont
         ; rebuild env (Type ty') cont }
 
 simplExprF' env (Case scrut bndr _ alts) cont

@@ -749,9 +916,18 @@ simplType :: SimplEnv -> InType -> SimplM OutType
         -- Kept monadic just so we can do the seqType
 simplType env ty
   = -- pprTrace "simplType" (ppr ty $$ ppr (seTvSubst env)) $
         -- Kept monadic just so we can do the seqType
 simplType env ty
   = -- pprTrace "simplType" (ppr ty $$ ppr (seTvSubst env)) $

-    seqType new_ty   `seq`   return new_ty
+    seqType new_ty `seq` return new_ty

   where
     new_ty = substTy env ty
   where
     new_ty = substTy env ty

+
+---------------------------------
+simplCoercion :: SimplEnv -> InType -> SimplM OutType
+-- The InType isn't *necessarily* a coercion, but it might be
+-- (in a type application, say) and optCoercion is a no-op on types
+simplCoercion env co
+  = seqType new_co `seq` return new_co
+  where 
+    new_co = optCoercion (getTvSubst env) co

 \end{code}
 
 
 \end{code}
 
 

@@ -771,7 +947,7 @@ rebuild env expr cont0
       Stop {}                      -> return (env, expr)
       CoerceIt co cont             -> rebuild env (mkCoerce co expr) cont
       Select _ bndr alts se cont   -> rebuildCase (se `setFloats` env) expr bndr alts cont
       Stop {}                      -> return (env, expr)
       CoerceIt co cont             -> rebuild env (mkCoerce co expr) cont
       Select _ bndr alts se cont   -> rebuildCase (se `setFloats` env) expr bndr alts cont

-      StrictArg fun _ info cont    -> rebuildCall env (fun `App` expr) info cont
+      StrictArg info _ cont        -> rebuildCall env (info `addArgTo` expr) cont

       StrictBind b bs body se cont -> do { env' <- simplNonRecX (se `setFloats` env) b expr
                                          ; simplLam env' bs body cont }
       ApplyTo _ arg se cont        -> do { arg' <- simplExpr (se `setInScope` env) arg
       StrictBind b bs body se cont -> do { env' <- simplNonRecX (se `setFloats` env) b expr
                                          ; simplLam env' bs body cont }
       ApplyTo _ arg se cont        -> do { arg' <- simplExpr (se `setInScope` env) arg

@@ -789,7 +965,7 @@ rebuild env expr cont0
 simplCast :: SimplEnv -> InExpr -> Coercion -> SimplCont
           -> SimplM (SimplEnv, OutExpr)
 simplCast env body co0 cont0
 simplCast :: SimplEnv -> InExpr -> Coercion -> SimplCont
           -> SimplM (SimplEnv, OutExpr)
 simplCast env body co0 cont0

-  = do  { co1 <- simplType env co0
+  = do  { co1 <- simplCoercion env co0

         ; simplExprF env body (addCoerce co1 cont0) }
   where
        addCoerce co cont = add_coerce co (coercionKind co) cont
         ; simplExprF env body (addCoerce co1 cont0) }
   where
        addCoerce co cont = add_coerce co (coercionKind co) cont

@@ -799,10 +975,10 @@ simplCast env body co0 cont0
 
        add_coerce co1 (s1, _k2) (CoerceIt co2 cont)
          | (_l1, t1) <- coercionKind co2
 
        add_coerce co1 (s1, _k2) (CoerceIt co2 cont)
          | (_l1, t1) <- coercionKind co2

-                --      coerce T1 S1 (coerce S1 K1 e)
+               --      e |> (g1 :: S1~L) |> (g2 :: L~T1)

                 -- ==>
                 -- ==>

-                --      e,                      if T1=K1
-                --      coerce T1 K1 e,         otherwise
+                --      e,                       if S1=T1
+                --      e |> (g1 . g2 :: S1~T1)  otherwise

                 --
                 -- For example, in the initial form of a worker
                 -- we may find  (coerce T (coerce S (\x.e))) y
                 --
                 -- For example, in the initial form of a worker
                 -- we may find  (coerce T (coerce S (\x.e))) y

@@ -812,25 +988,30 @@ simplCast env body co0 cont0
          | otherwise           = CoerceIt (mkTransCoercion co1 co2) cont
 
        add_coerce co (s1s2, _t1t2) (ApplyTo dup (Type arg_ty) arg_se cont)
          | otherwise           = CoerceIt (mkTransCoercion co1 co2) cont
 
        add_coerce co (s1s2, _t1t2) (ApplyTo dup (Type arg_ty) arg_se cont)

-                -- (f `cast` g) ty  --->   (f ty) `cast` (g @ ty)
-                -- This implements the PushT rule from the paper
+                -- (f |> g) ty  --->   (f ty) |> (g @ ty)
+                -- This implements the PushT and PushC rules from the paper

          | Just (tyvar,_) <- splitForAllTy_maybe s1s2
          | Just (tyvar,_) <- splitForAllTy_maybe s1s2

-         , not (isCoVar tyvar)
-         = ApplyTo dup (Type ty') (zapSubstEnv env) (addCoerce (mkInstCoercion co ty') cont)
+         = let 
+             (new_arg_ty, new_cast)
+               | isCoVar tyvar = (new_arg_co, mkCselRCoercion co)       -- PushC rule
+               | otherwise     = (ty',        mkInstCoercion co ty')    -- PushT rule
+           in 
+           ApplyTo dup (Type new_arg_ty) (zapSubstEnv arg_se) (addCoerce new_cast cont)

          where
            ty' = substTy (arg_se `setInScope` env) arg_ty
          where
            ty' = substTy (arg_se `setInScope` env) arg_ty

-
-        -- ToDo: the PushC rule is not implemented at all
+          new_arg_co = mkCsel1Coercion co  `mkTransCoercion`
+                              ty'           `mkTransCoercion`
+                        mkSymCoercion (mkCsel2Coercion co)

 
        add_coerce co (s1s2, _t1t2) (ApplyTo dup arg arg_se cont)
          | not (isTypeArg arg)  -- This implements the Push rule from the paper
          , isFunTy s1s2   -- t1t2 must be a function type, becuase it's applied
 
        add_coerce co (s1s2, _t1t2) (ApplyTo dup arg arg_se cont)
          | not (isTypeArg arg)  -- This implements the Push rule from the paper
          , isFunTy s1s2   -- t1t2 must be a function type, becuase it's applied

-                -- co : s1s2 :=: t1t2
-                --      (coerce (T1->T2) (S1->S2) F) E
+                --      (e |> (g :: s1s2 ~ t1->t2)) f

                 -- ===>
                 -- ===>

-                --      coerce T2 S2 (F (coerce S1 T1 E))
+                --      (e (f |> (arg g :: t1~s1))
+               --      |> (res g :: s2->t2)

                 --
                 --

-                -- t1t2 must be a function type, T1->T2, because it's applied
+                -- t1t2 must be a function type, t1->t2, because it's applied

                 -- to something but s1s2 might conceivably not be
                 --
                 -- When we build the ApplyTo we can't mix the out-types
                 -- to something but s1s2 might conceivably not be
                 --
                 -- When we build the ApplyTo we can't mix the out-types

@@ -839,14 +1020,14 @@ simplCast env body co0 cont0
                 -- But it isn't a common case.
                 --
                 -- Example of use: Trac #995
                 -- But it isn't a common case.
                 --
                 -- Example of use: Trac #995

-         = ApplyTo dup new_arg (zapSubstEnv env) (addCoerce co2 cont)
+         = ApplyTo dup new_arg (zapSubstEnv arg_se) (addCoerce co2 cont)

          where
          where

-           -- we split coercion t1->t2 :=: s1->s2 into t1 :=: s1 and
-           -- t2 :=: s2 with left and right on the curried form:
-           --    (->) t1 t2 :=: (->) s1 s2
+           -- we split coercion t1->t2 ~ s1->s2 into t1 ~ s1 and
+           -- t2 ~ s2 with left and right on the curried form:
+           --    (->) t1 t2 ~ (->) s1 s2

            [co1, co2] = decomposeCo 2 co
            new_arg    = mkCoerce (mkSymCoercion co1) arg'
            [co1, co2] = decomposeCo 2 co
            new_arg    = mkCoerce (mkSymCoercion co1) arg'

-           arg'       = substExpr (arg_se `setInScope` env) arg
+           arg'       = substExpr (text "move-cast") (arg_se `setInScope` env) arg

 
        add_coerce co _ cont = CoerceIt co cont
 \end{code}
 
        add_coerce co _ cont = CoerceIt co cont
 \end{code}

@@ -873,12 +1054,12 @@ simplLam env (bndr:bndrs) body (ApplyTo _ arg arg_se cont)
 simplLam env bndrs body cont
   = do  { (env', bndrs') <- simplLamBndrs env bndrs
         ; body' <- simplExpr env' body
 simplLam env bndrs body cont
   = do  { (env', bndrs') <- simplLamBndrs env bndrs
         ; body' <- simplExpr env' body

-        ; new_lam <- mkLam bndrs' body'
+        ; new_lam <- mkLam env' bndrs' body'

         ; rebuild env' new_lam cont }
 
 ------------------
 simplNonRecE :: SimplEnv
         ; rebuild env' new_lam cont }
 
 ------------------
 simplNonRecE :: SimplEnv

-             -> InId                    -- The binder
+             -> InBndr                  -- The binder

              -> (InExpr, SimplEnv)      -- Rhs of binding (or arg of lambda)
              -> ([InBndr], InExpr)      -- Body of the let/lambda
                                         --      \xs.e
              -> (InExpr, SimplEnv)      -- Rhs of binding (or arg of lambda)
              -> ([InBndr], InExpr)      -- Body of the let/lambda
                                         --      \xs.e

@@ -900,7 +1081,7 @@ simplNonRecE :: SimplEnv
        -- First deal with type applications and type lets
        --   (/\a. e) (Type ty)   and   (let a = Type ty in e)
 simplNonRecE env bndr (Type ty_arg, rhs_se) (bndrs, body) cont
        -- First deal with type applications and type lets
        --   (/\a. e) (Type ty)   and   (let a = Type ty in e)
 simplNonRecE env bndr (Type ty_arg, rhs_se) (bndrs, body) cont

-  = ASSERT( isTyVar bndr )
+  = ASSERT( isTyCoVar bndr )

     do { ty_arg' <- simplType (rhs_se `setInScope` env) ty_arg
        ; simplLam (extendTvSubst env bndr ty_arg') bndrs body cont }
 
     do { ty_arg' <- simplType (rhs_se `setInScope` env) ty_arg
        ; simplLam (extendTvSubst env bndr ty_arg') bndrs body cont }
 

@@ -914,7 +1095,8 @@ simplNonRecE env bndr (rhs, rhs_se) (bndrs, body) cont
                      (StrictBind bndr bndrs body env cont) }
 
   | otherwise
                      (StrictBind bndr bndrs body env cont) }
 
   | otherwise

-  = do  { (env1, bndr1) <- simplNonRecBndr env bndr
+  = ASSERT( not (isTyCoVar bndr) )
+    do  { (env1, bndr1) <- simplNonRecBndr env bndr

         ; let (env2, bndr2) = addBndrRules env1 bndr bndr1
         ; env3 <- simplLazyBind env2 NotTopLevel NonRecursive bndr bndr2 rhs rhs_se
         ; simplLam env3 bndrs body cont }
         ; let (env2, bndr2) = addBndrRules env1 bndr bndr1
         ; env3 <- simplLazyBind env2 NotTopLevel NonRecursive bndr bndr2 rhs rhs_se
         ; simplLam env3 bndrs body cont }

@@ -933,40 +1115,42 @@ simplNonRecE env bndr (rhs, rhs_se) (bndrs, body) cont
 simplNote :: SimplEnv -> Note -> CoreExpr -> SimplCont
           -> SimplM (SimplEnv, OutExpr)
 simplNote env (SCC cc) e cont
 simplNote :: SimplEnv -> Note -> CoreExpr -> SimplCont
           -> SimplM (SimplEnv, OutExpr)
 simplNote env (SCC cc) e cont

+  | pushCCisNop cc (getEnclosingCC env)  -- scc "f" (...(scc "f" e)...) 
+  = simplExprF env e cont               -- ==>  scc "f" (...e...)
+  | otherwise

   = do  { e' <- simplExpr (setEnclosingCC env currentCCS) e
         ; rebuild env (mkSCC cc e') cont }
 
   = do  { e' <- simplExpr (setEnclosingCC env currentCCS) e
         ; rebuild env (mkSCC cc e') cont }
 

--- See notes with SimplMonad.inlineMode
-simplNote env InlineMe e cont
-  | Just (inside, outside) <- splitInlineCont cont  -- Boring boring continuation; see notes above
-  = do  {                       -- Don't inline inside an INLINE expression
-          e' <- simplExprC (setMode inlineMode env) e inside
-        ; rebuild env (mkInlineMe e') outside }
-
-  | otherwise   -- Dissolve the InlineMe note if there's
-                -- an interesting context of any kind to combine with
-                -- (even a type application -- anything except Stop)
-  = simplExprF env e cont
-
-simplNote env (CoreNote s) e cont = do
-    e' <- simplExpr env e
-    rebuild env (Note (CoreNote s) e') cont
+simplNote env (CoreNote s) e cont
+  = do { e' <- simplExpr env e
+       ; rebuild env (Note (CoreNote s) e') cont }

 \end{code}
 
 
 %************************************************************************
 %*                                                                      *
 \end{code}
 
 
 %************************************************************************
 %*                                                                      *

-\subsection{Dealing with calls}
+                     Variables

 %*                                                                      *
 %************************************************************************
 
 \begin{code}
 %*                                                                      *
 %************************************************************************
 
 \begin{code}

-simplVar :: SimplEnv -> Id -> SimplCont -> SimplM (SimplEnv, OutExpr)
-simplVar env var cont
+simplVar :: SimplEnv -> InVar -> SimplM OutExpr
+-- Look up an InVar in the environment
+simplVar env var
+  | isTyCoVar var 
+  = return (Type (substTyVar env var))
+  | otherwise
+  = case substId env var of
+        DoneId var1      -> return (Var var1)
+        DoneEx e         -> return e
+        ContEx tvs ids e -> simplExpr (setSubstEnv env tvs ids) e
+
+simplVarF :: SimplEnv -> InId -> SimplCont -> SimplM (SimplEnv, OutExpr)
+simplVarF env var cont

   = case substId env var of
         DoneEx e         -> simplExprF (zapSubstEnv env) e cont
         ContEx tvs ids e -> simplExprF (setSubstEnv env tvs ids) e cont
   = case substId env var of
         DoneEx e         -> simplExprF (zapSubstEnv env) e cont
         ContEx tvs ids e -> simplExprF (setSubstEnv env tvs ids) e cont

-        DoneId var1      -> completeCall (zapSubstEnv env) var1 cont
+        DoneId var1      -> completeCall env var1 cont

                 -- Note [zapSubstEnv]
                 -- The template is already simplified, so don't re-substitute.
                 -- This is VITAL.  Consider
                 -- Note [zapSubstEnv]
                 -- The template is already simplified, so don't re-substitute.
                 -- This is VITAL.  Consider

@@ -982,93 +1166,50 @@ simplVar env var cont
 
 completeCall :: SimplEnv -> Id -> SimplCont -> SimplM (SimplEnv, OutExpr)
 completeCall env var cont
 
 completeCall :: SimplEnv -> Id -> SimplCont -> SimplM (SimplEnv, OutExpr)
 completeCall env var cont

-  = do  { dflags <- getDOptsSmpl
-        ; let   (args,call_cont) = contArgs cont
+  = do  {   ------------- Try inlining ----------------
+          dflags <- getDOptsSmpl
+        ; let  (lone_variable, arg_infos, call_cont) = contArgs cont

                 -- The args are OutExprs, obtained by *lazily* substituting
                 -- in the args found in cont.  These args are only examined
                 -- to limited depth (unless a rule fires).  But we must do
                 -- the substitution; rule matching on un-simplified args would
                 -- be bogus
 
                 -- The args are OutExprs, obtained by *lazily* substituting
                 -- in the args found in cont.  These args are only examined
                 -- to limited depth (unless a rule fires).  But we must do
                 -- the substitution; rule matching on un-simplified args would
                 -- be bogus
 

-        ------------- First try rules ----------------
-        -- Do this before trying inlining.  Some functions have
-        -- rules *and* are strict; in this case, we don't want to
-        -- inline the wrapper of the non-specialised thing; better
-        -- to call the specialised thing instead.
-        --
-        -- We used to use the black-listing mechanism to ensure that inlining of
-        -- the wrapper didn't occur for things that have specialisations till a
-        -- later phase, so but now we just try RULES first
-        --
-        -- Note [Rules for recursive functions]
-        -- ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
-        -- You might think that we shouldn't apply rules for a loop breaker:
-        -- doing so might give rise to an infinite loop, because a RULE is
-        -- rather like an extra equation for the function:
-        --      RULE:           f (g x) y = x+y
-        --      Eqn:            f a     y = a-y
-        --
-        -- But it's too drastic to disable rules for loop breakers.
-        -- Even the foldr/build rule would be disabled, because foldr
-        -- is recursive, and hence a loop breaker:
-        --      foldr k z (build g) = g k z
-        -- So it's up to the programmer: rules can cause divergence
-        ; rules <- getRules
-        ; let   in_scope   = getInScope env
-                maybe_rule = case activeRule dflags env of
-                                Nothing     -> Nothing  -- No rules apply
-                                Just act_fn -> lookupRule act_fn in_scope
-                                                          rules var args
-        ; case maybe_rule of {
-            Just (rule, rule_rhs) -> do
-                tick (RuleFired (ru_name rule))
-                (if dopt Opt_D_dump_rule_firings dflags then
-                   pprTrace "Rule fired" (vcat [
-                        text "Rule:" <+> ftext (ru_name rule),
-                        text "Before:" <+> ppr var <+> sep (map pprParendExpr args),
-                        text "After: " <+> pprCoreExpr rule_rhs,
-                        text "Cont:  " <+> ppr call_cont])
-                 else
-                        id)             $
-                 simplExprF env rule_rhs (dropArgs (ruleArity rule) cont)
-                 -- The ruleArity says how many args the rule consumed
-
-          ; Nothing -> do       -- No rules
-
-        ------------- Next try inlining ----------------
-        { let   arg_infos = [interestingArg arg | arg <- args, isValArg arg]
-                n_val_args = length arg_infos
-                interesting_cont = interestingCallContext call_cont
-                active_inline = activeInline env var
-                maybe_inline  = callSiteInline dflags active_inline var
-                                               (null args) arg_infos interesting_cont
+               n_val_args = length arg_infos
+               interesting_cont = interestingCallContext call_cont
+               unfolding    = activeUnfolding env var
+               maybe_inline = callSiteInline dflags var unfolding
+                                             lone_variable arg_infos interesting_cont

         ; case maybe_inline of {
         ; case maybe_inline of {

-            Just unfolding      -- There is an inlining!
+            Just expr      -- There is an inlining!

               ->  do { tick (UnfoldingDone var)
               ->  do { tick (UnfoldingDone var)

-                     ; (if dopt Opt_D_dump_inlinings dflags then
-                           pprTrace ("Inlining done" ++ showSDoc (ppr var)) (vcat [
-                                text "Before:" <+> ppr var <+> sep (map pprParendExpr args),
-                                text "Inlined fn: " <+> nest 2 (ppr unfolding),
-                                text "Cont:  " <+> ppr call_cont])
-                         else
-                                id)
-                       simplExprF env unfolding cont }
-
-            ; Nothing ->                -- No inlining!
-
-        ------------- No inlining! ----------------
-        -- Next, look for rules or specialisations that match
-        --
-        rebuildCall env (Var var)
-                    (mkArgInfo var n_val_args call_cont) cont
-    }}}}
+                     ; trace_inline dflags expr cont $
+                       simplExprF (zapSubstEnv env) expr cont }
+
+            ; Nothing -> do               -- No inlining!
+
+        { rule_base <- getSimplRules
+        ; let info = mkArgInfo var (getRules rule_base var) n_val_args call_cont
+        ; rebuildCall env info cont
+    }}}
+  where
+    trace_inline dflags unfolding cont stuff
+      | not (dopt Opt_D_dump_inlinings dflags) = stuff
+      | not (dopt Opt_D_verbose_core2core dflags) 
+      = if isExternalName (idName var) then 
+         pprTrace "Inlining done:" (ppr var) stuff
+        else stuff
+      | otherwise
+      = pprTrace ("Inlining done: " ++ showSDoc (ppr var))
+           (vcat [text "Inlined fn: " <+> nest 2 (ppr unfolding),
+                  text "Cont:  " <+> ppr cont])
+           stuff

 
 rebuildCall :: SimplEnv
 
 rebuildCall :: SimplEnv

-            -> OutExpr       -- Function 

             -> ArgInfo
             -> SimplCont
             -> SimplM (SimplEnv, OutExpr)
             -> ArgInfo
             -> SimplCont
             -> SimplM (SimplEnv, OutExpr)

-rebuildCall env fun (ArgInfo { ai_strs = [] }) cont
+rebuildCall env (ArgInfo { ai_fun = fun, ai_args = rev_args, ai_strs = [] }) cont

   -- When we run out of strictness args, it means
   -- that the call is definitely bottom; see SimplUtils.mkArgInfo
   -- Then we want to discard the entire strict continuation.  E.g.
   -- When we run out of strictness args, it means
   -- that the call is definitely bottom; see SimplUtils.mkArgInfo
   -- Then we want to discard the entire strict continuation.  E.g.

@@ -1080,25 +1221,26 @@ rebuildCall env fun (ArgInfo { ai_strs = [] }) cont
   -- the continuation, leaving just the bottoming expression.  But the
   -- type might not be right, so we may have to add a coerce.
   | not (contIsTrivial cont)     -- Only do this if there is a non-trivial
   -- the continuation, leaving just the bottoming expression.  But the
   -- type might not be right, so we may have to add a coerce.
   | not (contIsTrivial cont)     -- Only do this if there is a non-trivial

-  = return (env, mk_coerce fun)  -- contination to discard, else we do it
+  = return (env, mk_coerce res)  -- contination to discard, else we do it

   where                          -- again and again!
   where                          -- again and again!

-    fun_ty  = exprType fun
-    cont_ty = contResultType env fun_ty cont
-    co      = mkUnsafeCoercion fun_ty cont_ty
-    mk_coerce expr | cont_ty `coreEqType` fun_ty = expr
+    res     = mkApps (Var fun) (reverse rev_args)
+    res_ty  = exprType res
+    cont_ty = contResultType env res_ty cont
+    co      = mkUnsafeCoercion res_ty cont_ty
+    mk_coerce expr | cont_ty `coreEqType` res_ty = expr

                    | otherwise = mkCoerce co expr
 
                    | otherwise = mkCoerce co expr
 

-rebuildCall env fun info (ApplyTo _ (Type arg_ty) se cont)
-  = do  { ty' <- simplType (se `setInScope` env) arg_ty
-        ; rebuildCall env (fun `App` Type ty') info cont }
+rebuildCall env info (ApplyTo _ (Type arg_ty) se cont)
+  = do  { ty' <- simplCoercion (se `setInScope` env) arg_ty
+        ; rebuildCall env (info `addArgTo` Type ty') cont }

 
 

-rebuildCall env fun 
-           (ArgInfo { ai_rules = has_rules, ai_strs = str:strs, ai_discs = disc:discs })
-           (ApplyTo _ arg arg_se cont)
+rebuildCall env info@(ArgInfo { ai_encl = encl_rules
+                              , ai_strs = str:strs, ai_discs = disc:discs })
+            (ApplyTo _ arg arg_se cont)

   | str                -- Strict argument
   = -- pprTrace "Strict Arg" (ppr arg $$ ppr (seIdSubst env) $$ ppr (seInScope env)) $
     simplExprF (arg_se `setFloats` env) arg
   | str                -- Strict argument
   = -- pprTrace "Strict Arg" (ppr arg $$ ppr (seIdSubst env) $$ ppr (seInScope env)) $
     simplExprF (arg_se `setFloats` env) arg

-               (StrictArg fun cci arg_info' cont)
+               (StrictArg info' cci cont)

                 -- Note [Shadowing]
 
   | otherwise                           -- Lazy argument
                 -- Note [Shadowing]
 
   | otherwise                           -- Lazy argument

@@ -1108,16 +1250,40 @@ rebuildCall env fun
         -- floating a demanded let.
   = do  { arg' <- simplExprC (arg_se `setInScope` env) arg
                              (mkLazyArgStop cci)
         -- floating a demanded let.
   = do  { arg' <- simplExprC (arg_se `setInScope` env) arg
                              (mkLazyArgStop cci)

-        ; rebuildCall env (fun `App` arg') arg_info' cont }
+        ; rebuildCall env (addArgTo info' arg') cont }

   where
   where

-    arg_info' = ArgInfo { ai_rules = has_rules, ai_strs = strs, ai_discs = discs }
-    cci | has_rules || disc > 0 = ArgCtxt has_rules disc  -- Be keener here
-        | otherwise             = BoringCtxt              -- Nothing interesting
-
-rebuildCall env fun _ cont
-  = rebuild env fun cont
+    info' = info { ai_strs = strs, ai_discs = discs }
+    cci | encl_rules || disc > 0 = ArgCtxt encl_rules  -- Be keener here
+        | otherwise              = BoringCtxt          -- Nothing interesting
+
+rebuildCall env (ArgInfo { ai_fun = fun, ai_args = rev_args, ai_rules = rules }) cont
+  = do {  -- We've accumulated a simplified call in <fun,rev_args> 
+          -- so try rewrite rules; see Note [RULEs apply to simplified arguments]
+         -- See also Note [Rules for recursive functions]
+       ; let args = reverse rev_args
+              env' = zapSubstEnv env
+       ; mb_rule <- tryRules env rules fun args cont
+       ; case mb_rule of {
+            Just (n_args, rule_rhs) -> simplExprF env' rule_rhs $
+                                        pushArgs env' (drop n_args args) cont ;
+                 -- n_args says how many args the rule consumed
+           ; Nothing -> rebuild env (mkApps (Var fun) args) cont      -- No rules
+    } }

 \end{code}
 
 \end{code}
 

+Note [RULES apply to simplified arguments]
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+It's very desirable to try RULES once the arguments have been simplified, because
+doing so ensures that rule cascades work in one pass.  Consider
+   {-# RULES g (h x) = k x
+            f (k x) = x #-}
+   ...f (g (h x))...
+Then we want to rewrite (g (h x)) to (k x) and only then try f's rules. If
+we match f's rules against the un-simplified RHS, it won't match.  This 
+makes a particularly big difference when superclass selectors are involved:
+       op ($p1 ($p2 (df d)))
+We want all this to unravel in one sweeep.
+

 Note [Shadowing]
 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
 This part of the simplifier may break the no-shadowing invariant
 Note [Shadowing]
 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
 This part of the simplifier may break the no-shadowing invariant

@@ -1142,38 +1308,193 @@ to get the effect that finding (error "foo") in a strict arg position will
 discard the entire application and replace it with (error "foo").  Getting
 all this at once is TOO HARD!
 
 discard the entire application and replace it with (error "foo").  Getting
 all this at once is TOO HARD!
 

+
+%************************************************************************
+%*                                                                      *
+                Rewrite rules
+%*                                                                      *
+%************************************************************************
+
+\begin{code}
+tryRules :: SimplEnv -> [CoreRule]
+         -> Id -> [OutExpr] -> SimplCont 
+        -> SimplM (Maybe (Arity, CoreExpr))         -- The arity is the number of
+                                                    -- args consumed by the rule
+tryRules env rules fn args call_cont
+  | null rules
+  = return Nothing
+  | otherwise
+  = do { dflags <- getDOptsSmpl
+       ; case activeRule dflags env of {
+           Nothing     -> return Nothing  ; -- No rules apply
+           Just act_fn -> 
+         case lookupRule act_fn (activeUnfInRule env) (getInScope env) fn args rules of {
+           Nothing               -> return Nothing ;   -- No rule matches
+           Just (rule, rule_rhs) ->
+
+             do { tick (RuleFired (ru_name rule))
+                ; trace_dump dflags rule rule_rhs $
+                  return (Just (ruleArity rule, rule_rhs)) }}}}
+  where
+    trace_dump dflags rule rule_rhs stuff
+      | not (dopt Opt_D_dump_rule_firings dflags) = stuff
+      | not (dopt Opt_D_verbose_core2core dflags) 
+
+      = pprTrace "Rule fired:" (ftext (ru_name rule)) stuff
+      | otherwise
+      = pprTrace "Rule fired"
+           (vcat [text "Rule:" <+> ftext (ru_name rule),
+                 text "Before:" <+> ppr fn <+> sep (map pprParendExpr args),
+                 text "After: " <+> pprCoreExpr rule_rhs,
+                 text "Cont:  " <+> ppr call_cont])
+           stuff
+\end{code}
+
+Note [Rules for recursive functions]
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+You might think that we shouldn't apply rules for a loop breaker:
+doing so might give rise to an infinite loop, because a RULE is
+rather like an extra equation for the function:
+     RULE:           f (g x) y = x+y
+     Eqn:            f a     y = a-y
+
+But it's too drastic to disable rules for loop breakers.
+Even the foldr/build rule would be disabled, because foldr
+is recursive, and hence a loop breaker:
+     foldr k z (build g) = g k z
+So it's up to the programmer: rules can cause divergence
+
+

 %************************************************************************
 %*                                                                      *
                 Rebuilding a cse expression
 %*                                                                      *
 %************************************************************************
 
 %************************************************************************
 %*                                                                      *
                 Rebuilding a cse expression
 %*                                                                      *
 %************************************************************************
 

-Blob of helper functions for the "case-of-something-else" situation.
+Note [Case elimination]
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+The case-elimination transformation discards redundant case expressions.
+Start with a simple situation:
+
+        case x# of      ===>   e[x#/y#]
+          y# -> e
+
+(when x#, y# are of primitive type, of course).  We can't (in general)
+do this for algebraic cases, because we might turn bottom into
+non-bottom!
+
+The code in SimplUtils.prepareAlts has the effect of generalise this
+idea to look for a case where we're scrutinising a variable, and we
+know that only the default case can match.  For example:
+
+        case x of
+          0#      -> ...
+          DEFAULT -> ...(case x of
+                         0#      -> ...
+                         DEFAULT -> ...) ...
+
+Here the inner case is first trimmed to have only one alternative, the
+DEFAULT, after which it's an instance of the previous case.  This
+really only shows up in eliminating error-checking code.
+
+We also make sure that we deal with this very common case:
+
+        case e of
+          x -> ...x...
+
+Here we are using the case as a strict let; if x is used only once
+then we want to inline it.  We have to be careful that this doesn't
+make the program terminate when it would have diverged before, so we
+check that
+        - e is already evaluated (it may so if e is a variable)
+        - x is used strictly, or
+
+Lastly, the code in SimplUtils.mkCase combines identical RHSs.  So
+
+        case e of       ===> case e of DEFAULT -> r
+           True  -> r
+           False -> r
+
+Now again the case may be elminated by the CaseElim transformation.
+
+
+Further notes about case elimination
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+Consider:       test :: Integer -> IO ()
+                test = print
+
+Turns out that this compiles to:
+    Print.test
+      = \ eta :: Integer
+          eta1 :: State# RealWorld ->
+          case PrelNum.< eta PrelNum.zeroInteger of wild { __DEFAULT ->
+          case hPutStr stdout
+                 (PrelNum.jtos eta ($w[] @ Char))
+                 eta1
+          of wild1 { (# new_s, a4 #) -> PrelIO.lvl23 new_s  }}
+
+Notice the strange '<' which has no effect at all. This is a funny one.
+It started like this:
+
+f x y = if x < 0 then jtos x
+          else if y==0 then "" else jtos x
+
+At a particular call site we have (f v 1).  So we inline to get
+
+        if v < 0 then jtos x
+        else if 1==0 then "" else jtos x
+
+Now simplify the 1==0 conditional:
+
+        if v<0 then jtos v else jtos v
+
+Now common-up the two branches of the case:
+
+        case (v<0) of DEFAULT -> jtos v
+
+Why don't we drop the case?  Because it's strict in v.  It's technically
+wrong to drop even unnecessary evaluations, and in practice they
+may be a result of 'seq' so we *definitely* don't want to drop those.
+I don't really know how to improve this situation.

 
 \begin{code}
 ---------------------------------------------------------
 --      Eliminate the case if possible
 
 
 \begin{code}
 ---------------------------------------------------------
 --      Eliminate the case if possible
 

-rebuildCase :: SimplEnv
-            -> OutExpr          -- Scrutinee
-            -> InId             -- Case binder
-            -> [InAlt]          -- Alternatives (inceasing order)
-            -> SimplCont
-            -> SimplM (SimplEnv, OutExpr)
+rebuildCase, reallyRebuildCase
+   :: SimplEnv
+   -> OutExpr          -- Scrutinee
+   -> InId             -- Case binder
+   -> [InAlt]          -- Alternatives (inceasing order)
+   -> SimplCont
+   -> SimplM (SimplEnv, OutExpr)

 
 --------------------------------------------------
 --      1. Eliminate the case if there's a known constructor
 --------------------------------------------------
 
 rebuildCase env scrut case_bndr alts cont
 
 --------------------------------------------------
 --      1. Eliminate the case if there's a known constructor
 --------------------------------------------------
 
 rebuildCase env scrut case_bndr alts cont

-  | Just (con,args) <- exprIsConApp_maybe scrut
-        -- Works when the scrutinee is a variable with a known unfolding
-        -- as well as when it's an explicit constructor application
-  = knownCon env scrut (DataAlt con) args case_bndr alts cont
-

   | Lit lit <- scrut    -- No need for same treatment as constructors
                         -- because literals are inlined more vigorously
   | Lit lit <- scrut    -- No need for same treatment as constructors
                         -- because literals are inlined more vigorously

-  = knownCon env scrut (LitAlt lit) [] case_bndr alts cont
+  = do  { tick (KnownBranch case_bndr)
+        ; case findAlt (LitAlt lit) alts of
+           Nothing           -> missingAlt env case_bndr alts cont
+           Just (_, bs, rhs) -> simple_rhs bs rhs }
+
+  | Just (con, ty_args, other_args) <- exprIsConApp_maybe (activeUnfInRule env) scrut
+        -- Works when the scrutinee is a variable with a known unfolding
+        -- as well as when it's an explicit constructor application
+  = do  { tick (KnownBranch case_bndr)
+        ; case findAlt (DataAlt con) alts of
+           Nothing  -> missingAlt env case_bndr alts cont
+            Just (DEFAULT, bs, rhs) -> simple_rhs bs rhs
+           Just (_, bs, rhs)       -> knownCon env scrut con ty_args other_args 
+                                                case_bndr bs rhs cont
+       }
+  where
+    simple_rhs bs rhs = ASSERT( null bs ) 
+                        do { env' <- simplNonRecX env case_bndr scrut
+                          ; simplExprF env' rhs cont }

 
 
 --------------------------------------------------
 
 
 --------------------------------------------------

@@ -1182,7 +1503,7 @@ rebuildCase env scrut case_bndr alts cont
 
 rebuildCase env scrut case_bndr [(_, bndrs, rhs)] cont
   -- See if we can get rid of the case altogether
 
 rebuildCase env scrut case_bndr [(_, bndrs, rhs)] cont
   -- See if we can get rid of the case altogether

-  -- See the extensive notes on case-elimination above
+  -- See Note [Case eliminiation] 

   -- mkCase made sure that if all the alternatives are equal,
   -- then there is now only one (DEFAULT) rhs
  | all isDeadBinder bndrs       -- bndrs are [InId]
   -- mkCase made sure that if all the alternatives are equal,
   -- then there is now only one (DEFAULT) rhs
  | all isDeadBinder bndrs       -- bndrs are [InId]

@@ -1214,18 +1535,39 @@ rebuildCase env scrut case_bndr [(_, bndrs, rhs)] cont
   where
         -- The case binder is going to be evaluated later,
         -- and the scrutinee is a simple variable
   where
         -- The case binder is going to be evaluated later,
         -- and the scrutinee is a simple variable

-    var_demanded_later (Var v) = isStrictDmd (idNewDemandInfo case_bndr)
+    var_demanded_later (Var v) = isStrictDmd (idDemandInfo case_bndr)

                                  && not (isTickBoxOp v)
                                     -- ugly hack; covering this case is what
                                     -- exprOkForSpeculation was intended for.
     var_demanded_later _       = False
 
                                  && not (isTickBoxOp v)
                                     -- ugly hack; covering this case is what
                                     -- exprOkForSpeculation was intended for.
     var_demanded_later _       = False
 

+--------------------------------------------------
+--      3. Try seq rules; see Note [User-defined RULES for seq] in MkId
+--------------------------------------------------
+
+rebuildCase env scrut case_bndr alts@[(_, bndrs, rhs)] cont
+  | all isDeadBinder (case_bndr : bndrs)  -- So this is just 'seq'
+  = do { let rhs' = substExpr (text "rebuild-case") env rhs
+             out_args = [Type (substTy env (idType case_bndr)), 
+                        Type (exprType rhs'), scrut, rhs']
+                     -- Lazily evaluated, so we don't do most of this
+
+       ; rule_base <- getSimplRules
+       ; mb_rule <- tryRules env (getRules rule_base seqId) seqId out_args cont
+       ; case mb_rule of 
+           Just (n_args, res) -> simplExprF (zapSubstEnv env) 
+                                           (mkApps res (drop n_args out_args))
+                                            cont
+          Nothing -> reallyRebuildCase env scrut case_bndr alts cont }
+
+rebuildCase env scrut case_bndr alts cont
+  = reallyRebuildCase env scrut case_bndr alts cont

 
 --------------------------------------------------
 --      3. Catch-all case
 --------------------------------------------------
 
 
 --------------------------------------------------
 --      3. Catch-all case
 --------------------------------------------------
 

-rebuildCase env scrut case_bndr alts cont
+reallyRebuildCase env scrut case_bndr alts cont

   = do  {       -- Prepare the continuation;
                 -- The new subst_env is in place
           (env', dup_cont, nodup_cont) <- prepareCaseCont env alts cont
   = do  {       -- Prepare the continuation;
                 -- The new subst_env is in place
           (env', dup_cont, nodup_cont) <- prepareCaseCont env alts cont

@@ -1234,21 +1576,13 @@ rebuildCase env scrut case_bndr alts cont
         ; (scrut', case_bndr', alts') <- simplAlts env' scrut case_bndr alts dup_cont
 
        -- Check for empty alternatives
         ; (scrut', case_bndr', alts') <- simplAlts env' scrut case_bndr alts dup_cont
 
        -- Check for empty alternatives

-       ; if null alts' then
-               -- This isn't strictly an error, although it is unusual. 
-               -- It's possible that the simplifer might "see" that 
-               -- an inner case has no accessible alternatives before 
-               -- it "sees" that the entire branch of an outer case is 
-               -- inaccessible.  So we simply put an error case here instead.
-           pprTrace "mkCase: null alts" (ppr case_bndr <+> ppr scrut) $
-           let res_ty' = contResultType env' (substTy env' (coreAltsType alts)) dup_cont
-               lit = Lit (mkStringLit "Impossible alternative")
-           in return (env', mkApps (Var rUNTIME_ERROR_ID) [Type res_ty', lit])
-
+       ; if null alts' then missingAlt env case_bndr alts cont

          else do
          else do

-       { case_expr <- mkCase scrut' case_bndr' alts'
+        { dflags <- getDOptsSmpl
+        ; case_expr <- mkCase dflags scrut' case_bndr' alts'

 
 

-       -- Notice that rebuild gets the in-scope set from env, not alt_env
+       -- Notice that rebuild gets the in-scope set from env', not alt_env
+       -- (which in any case is only build in simplAlts)

        -- The case binder *not* scope over the whole returned case-expression
        ; rebuild env' case_expr nodup_cont } }
 \end{code}
        -- The case binder *not* scope over the whole returned case-expression
        ; rebuild env' case_expr nodup_cont } }
 \end{code}

@@ -1258,78 +1592,15 @@ try to eliminate uses of v in the RHSs in favour of case_bndr; that
 way, there's a chance that v will now only be used once, and hence
 inlined.
 
 way, there's a chance that v will now only be used once, and hence
 inlined.
 

-Note [no-case-of-case]
-~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
-We *used* to suppress the binder-swap in case expressoins when 
--fno-case-of-case is on.  Old remarks:
-    "This happens in the first simplifier pass,
-    and enhances full laziness.  Here's the bad case:
-            f = \ y -> ...(case x of I# v -> ...(case x of ...) ... )
-    If we eliminate the inner case, we trap it inside the I# v -> arm,
-    which might prevent some full laziness happening.  I've seen this
-    in action in spectral/cichelli/Prog.hs:
-             [(m,n) | m <- [1..max], n <- [1..max]]
-    Hence the check for NoCaseOfCase."
-However, now the full-laziness pass itself reverses the binder-swap, so this
-check is no longer necessary.
-
-Note [Suppressing the case binder-swap]
-~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
-There is another situation when it might make sense to suppress the
-case-expression binde-swap. If we have
-
-    case x of w1 { DEFAULT -> case x of w2 { A -> e1; B -> e2 }
-                   ...other cases .... }
-
-We'll perform the binder-swap for the outer case, giving
-
-    case x of w1 { DEFAULT -> case w1 of w2 { A -> e1; B -> e2 }
-                   ...other cases .... }
-
-But there is no point in doing it for the inner case, because w1 can't
-be inlined anyway.  Furthermore, doing the case-swapping involves
-zapping w2's occurrence info (see paragraphs that follow), and that
-forces us to bind w2 when doing case merging.  So we get
-
-    case x of w1 { A -> let w2 = w1 in e1
-                   B -> let w2 = w1 in e2
-                   ...other cases .... }
-
-This is plain silly in the common case where w2 is dead.
-
-Even so, I can't see a good way to implement this idea.  I tried
-not doing the binder-swap if the scrutinee was already evaluated
-but that failed big-time:
-
-        data T = MkT !Int
-
-        case v of w  { MkT x ->
-        case x of x1 { I# y1 ->
-        case x of x2 { I# y2 -> ...
-
-Notice that because MkT is strict, x is marked "evaluated".  But to
-eliminate the last case, we must either make sure that x (as well as
-x1) has unfolding MkT y1.  THe straightforward thing to do is to do
-the binder-swap.  So this whole note is a no-op.
+Historical note: we use to do the "case binder swap" in the Simplifier
+so there were additional complications if the scrutinee was a variable.
+Now the binder-swap stuff is done in the occurrence analyer; see
+OccurAnal Note [Binder swap].

 
 Note [zapOccInfo]
 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
 
 Note [zapOccInfo]
 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

-If we replace the scrutinee, v, by tbe case binder, then we have to nuke
-any occurrence info (eg IAmDead) in the case binder, because the
-case-binder now effectively occurs whenever v does.  AND we have to do
-the same for the pattern-bound variables!  Example:
-
-        (case x of { (a,b) -> a }) (case x of { (p,q) -> q })
-
-Here, b and p are dead.  But when we move the argment inside the first
-case RHS, and eliminate the second case, we get
-
-        case x of { (a,b) -> a b }
-
-Urk! b is alive!  Reason: the scrutinee was a variable, and case elimination
-happened.
-
-Indeed, this can happen anytime the case binder isn't dead:
+If the case binder is not dead, then neither are the pattern bound
+variables:  

         case <any> of x { (a,b) ->
         case x of { (p,q) -> p } }
 Here (a,b) both look dead, but come alive after the inner case is eliminated.
         case <any> of x { (a,b) ->
         case x of { (p,q) -> p } }
 Here (a,b) both look dead, but come alive after the inner case is eliminated.

@@ -1338,9 +1609,13 @@ The point is that we bring into the envt a binding
 after the outer case, and that makes (a,b) alive.  At least we do unless
 the case binder is guaranteed dead.
 
 after the outer case, and that makes (a,b) alive.  At least we do unless
 the case binder is guaranteed dead.
 

+In practice, the scrutinee is almost always a variable, so we pretty
+much always zap the OccInfo of the binders.  It doesn't matter much though.
+
+

 Note [Case of cast]
 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
 Note [Case of cast]
 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

-Consider        case (v `cast` co) of x { I# ->
+Consider        case (v `cast` co) of x { I# y ->

                 ... (case (v `cast` co) of {...}) ...
 We'd like to eliminate the inner case.  We can get this neatly by
 arranging that inside the outer case we add the unfolding
                 ... (case (v `cast` co) of {...}) ...
 We'd like to eliminate the inner case.  We can get this neatly by
 arranging that inside the outer case we add the unfolding

@@ -1361,10 +1636,31 @@ where x::F Int.  Then we'd like to rewrite (F Int) to Int, getting
            I# x# -> let x = x' `cast` sym co
                     in rhs
 
            I# x# -> let x = x' `cast` sym co
                     in rhs
 

-so that 'rhs' can take advantage of the form of x'.  Notice that Note
-[Case of cast] may then apply to the result.
-
-This showed up in Roman's experiments.  Example:
+so that 'rhs' can take advantage of the form of x'.  
+
+Notice that Note [Case of cast] may then apply to the result. 
+
+Nota Bene: We only do the [Improving seq] transformation if the 
+case binder 'x' is actually used in the rhs; that is, if the case 
+is *not* a *pure* seq.  
+  a) There is no point in adding the cast to a pure seq.
+  b) There is a good reason not to: doing so would interfere 
+     with seq rules (Note [Built-in RULES for seq] in MkId).
+     In particular, this [Improving seq] thing *adds* a cast
+     while [Built-in RULES for seq] *removes* one, so they
+     just flip-flop.
+
+You might worry about 
+   case v of x { __DEFAULT ->
+      ... case (v `cast` co) of y { I# -> ... }}
+This is a pure seq (since x is unused), so [Improving seq] won't happen.
+But it's ok: the simplifier will replace 'v' by 'x' in the rhs to get
+   case v of x { __DEFAULT ->
+      ... case (x `cast` co) of y { I# -> ... }}
+Now the outer case is not a pure seq, so [Improving seq] will happen,
+and then the inner case will disappear.
+
+The need for [Improving seq] showed up in Roman's experiments.  Example:

   foo :: F Int -> Int -> Int
   foo t n = t `seq` bar n
      where
   foo :: F Int -> Int -> Int
   foo t n = t `seq` bar n
      where

@@ -1373,193 +1669,9 @@ This showed up in Roman's experiments.  Example:
 Here we'd like to avoid repeated evaluating t inside the loop, by
 taking advantage of the `seq`.
 
 Here we'd like to avoid repeated evaluating t inside the loop, by
 taking advantage of the `seq`.
 

-At one point I did transformation in LiberateCase, but it's more robust here.
-(Otherwise, there's a danger that we'll simply drop the 'seq' altogether, before
-LiberateCase gets to see it.)
-
-Note [Case elimination]
-~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
-The case-elimination transformation discards redundant case expressions.
-Start with a simple situation:
-
-        case x# of      ===>   e[x#/y#]
-          y# -> e
-
-(when x#, y# are of primitive type, of course).  We can't (in general)
-do this for algebraic cases, because we might turn bottom into
-non-bottom!
-
-The code in SimplUtils.prepareAlts has the effect of generalise this
-idea to look for a case where we're scrutinising a variable, and we
-know that only the default case can match.  For example:
-
-        case x of
-          0#      -> ...
-          DEFAULT -> ...(case x of
-                         0#      -> ...
-                         DEFAULT -> ...) ...
-
-Here the inner case is first trimmed to have only one alternative, the
-DEFAULT, after which it's an instance of the previous case.  This
-really only shows up in eliminating error-checking code.
-
-We also make sure that we deal with this very common case:
-
-        case e of
-          x -> ...x...
-
-Here we are using the case as a strict let; if x is used only once
-then we want to inline it.  We have to be careful that this doesn't
-make the program terminate when it would have diverged before, so we
-check that
-        - e is already evaluated (it may so if e is a variable)
-        - x is used strictly, or
-
-Lastly, the code in SimplUtils.mkCase combines identical RHSs.  So
-
-        case e of       ===> case e of DEFAULT -> r
-           True  -> r
-           False -> r
-
-Now again the case may be elminated by the CaseElim transformation.
-
-
-Further notes about case elimination
-~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
-Consider:       test :: Integer -> IO ()
-                test = print
-
-Turns out that this compiles to:
-    Print.test
-      = \ eta :: Integer
-          eta1 :: State# RealWorld ->
-          case PrelNum.< eta PrelNum.zeroInteger of wild { __DEFAULT ->
-          case hPutStr stdout
-                 (PrelNum.jtos eta ($w[] @ Char))
-                 eta1
-          of wild1 { (# new_s, a4 #) -> PrelIO.lvl23 new_s  }}
-
-Notice the strange '<' which has no effect at all. This is a funny one.
-It started like this:
-
-f x y = if x < 0 then jtos x
-          else if y==0 then "" else jtos x
-
-At a particular call site we have (f v 1).  So we inline to get
-
-        if v < 0 then jtos x
-        else if 1==0 then "" else jtos x
-
-Now simplify the 1==0 conditional:
-
-        if v<0 then jtos v else jtos v
-
-Now common-up the two branches of the case:
-
-        case (v<0) of DEFAULT -> jtos v
-
-Why don't we drop the case?  Because it's strict in v.  It's technically
-wrong to drop even unnecessary evaluations, and in practice they
-may be a result of 'seq' so we *definitely* don't want to drop those.
-I don't really know how to improve this situation.
-
-
-\begin{code}
-simplCaseBinder :: SimplEnv -> OutExpr -> OutId -> [InAlt]
-                -> SimplM (SimplEnv, OutExpr, OutId)
-simplCaseBinder env0 scrut0 case_bndr0 alts
-  = do  { (env1, case_bndr1) <- simplBinder env0 case_bndr0
-
-        ; fam_envs <- getFamEnvs
-        ; (env2, scrut2, case_bndr2) <- improve_seq fam_envs env1 scrut0
-                                                case_bndr0 case_bndr1 alts
-                        -- Note [Improving seq]
-
-        ; let (env3, case_bndr3) = improve_case_bndr env2 scrut2 case_bndr2
-                        -- Note [Case of cast]
-
-        ; return (env3, scrut2, case_bndr3) }
-  where
-
-    improve_seq fam_envs env scrut case_bndr case_bndr1 [(DEFAULT,_,_)]
-        | Just (co, ty2) <- topNormaliseType fam_envs (idType case_bndr1)
-        =  do { case_bndr2 <- newId (fsLit "nt") ty2
-              ; let rhs  = DoneEx (Var case_bndr2 `Cast` mkSymCoercion co)
-                    env2 = extendIdSubst env case_bndr rhs
-              ; return (env2, scrut `Cast` co, case_bndr2) }
-
-    improve_seq _ env scrut _ case_bndr1 _
-        = return (env, scrut, case_bndr1)
-
-
-    improve_case_bndr env scrut case_bndr
-        -- See Note [no-case-of-case]
-       --  | switchIsOn (getSwitchChecker env) NoCaseOfCase
-       --  = (env, case_bndr)
-
-        | otherwise     -- Failed try; see Note [Suppressing the case binder-swap]
-                        --     not (isEvaldUnfolding (idUnfolding v))
-        = case scrut of
-            Var v -> (modifyInScope env1 v case_bndr', case_bndr')
-                -- Note about using modifyInScope for v here
-                -- We could extend the substitution instead, but it would be
-                -- a hack because then the substitution wouldn't be idempotent
-                -- any more (v is an OutId).  And this does just as well.
-
-            Cast (Var v) co -> (addBinderUnfolding env1 v rhs, case_bndr')
-                            where
-                                rhs = Cast (Var case_bndr') (mkSymCoercion co)
-
-            _ -> (env, case_bndr)
-        where
-          case_bndr' = zapOccInfo case_bndr
-          env1       = modifyInScope env case_bndr case_bndr'
-
-
-zapOccInfo :: InId -> InId      -- See Note [zapOccInfo]
-zapOccInfo b = b `setIdOccInfo` NoOccInfo
-\end{code}
-
-
-simplAlts does two things:
-
-1.  Eliminate alternatives that cannot match, including the
-    DEFAULT alternative.
-
-2.  If the DEFAULT alternative can match only one possible constructor,
-    then make that constructor explicit.
-    e.g.
-        case e of x { DEFAULT -> rhs }
-     ===>
-        case e of x { (a,b) -> rhs }
-    where the type is a single constructor type.  This gives better code
-    when rhs also scrutinises x or e.
-
-Here "cannot match" includes knowledge from GADTs
-
-It's a good idea do do this stuff before simplifying the alternatives, to
-avoid simplifying alternatives we know can't happen, and to come up with
-the list of constructors that are handled, to put into the IdInfo of the
-case binder, for use when simplifying the alternatives.
-
-Eliminating the default alternative in (1) isn't so obvious, but it can
-happen:
-
-data Colour = Red | Green | Blue
-
-f x = case x of
-        Red -> ..
-        Green -> ..
-        DEFAULT -> h x
-
-h y = case y of
-        Blue -> ..
-        DEFAULT -> [ case y of ... ]
-
-If we inline h into f, the default case of the inlined h can't happen.
-If we don't notice this, we may end up filtering out *all* the cases
-of the inner case y, which give us nowhere to go!
-
+At one point I did transformation in LiberateCase, but it's more
+robust here.  (Otherwise, there's a danger that we'll simply drop the
+'seq' altogether, before LiberateCase gets to see it.)

 
 \begin{code}
 simplAlts :: SimplEnv
 
 \begin{code}
 simplAlts :: SimplEnv

@@ -1569,18 +1681,41 @@ simplAlts :: SimplEnv
          -> SimplCont
           -> SimplM (OutExpr, OutId, [OutAlt])  -- Includes the continuation
 -- Like simplExpr, this just returns the simplified alternatives;
          -> SimplCont
           -> SimplM (OutExpr, OutId, [OutAlt])  -- Includes the continuation
 -- Like simplExpr, this just returns the simplified alternatives;

--- it not return an environment
+-- it does not return an environment

 
 simplAlts env scrut case_bndr alts cont'
 
 simplAlts env scrut case_bndr alts cont'

-  = -- pprTrace "simplAlts" (ppr alts $$ ppr (seIdSubst env)) $
-    do  { let alt_env = zapFloats env
-        ; (alt_env', scrut', case_bndr') <- simplCaseBinder alt_env scrut case_bndr alts
+  = -- pprTrace "simplAlts" (ppr alts $$ ppr (seTvSubst env)) $
+    do  { let env0 = zapFloats env
+
+        ; (env1, case_bndr1) <- simplBinder env0 case_bndr

 
 

-        ; (imposs_deflt_cons, in_alts) <- prepareAlts alt_env' scrut case_bndr' alts
+        ; fam_envs <- getFamEnvs
+       ; (alt_env', scrut', case_bndr') <- improveSeq fam_envs env1 scrut 
+                                                      case_bndr case_bndr1 alts
+
+        ; (imposs_deflt_cons, in_alts) <- prepareAlts scrut' case_bndr' alts

 
         ; alts' <- mapM (simplAlt alt_env' imposs_deflt_cons case_bndr' cont') in_alts
         ; return (scrut', case_bndr', alts') }
 
 
         ; alts' <- mapM (simplAlt alt_env' imposs_deflt_cons case_bndr' cont') in_alts
         ; return (scrut', case_bndr', alts') }
 

+
+------------------------------------
+improveSeq :: (FamInstEnv, FamInstEnv) -> SimplEnv
+          -> OutExpr -> InId -> OutId -> [InAlt]
+          -> SimplM (SimplEnv, OutExpr, OutId)
+-- Note [Improving seq]
+improveSeq fam_envs env scrut case_bndr case_bndr1 [(DEFAULT,_,_)]
+  | not (isDeadBinder case_bndr)       -- Not a pure seq!  See the Note!
+  , Just (co, ty2) <- topNormaliseType fam_envs (idType case_bndr1)
+  = do { case_bndr2 <- newId (fsLit "nt") ty2
+        ; let rhs  = DoneEx (Var case_bndr2 `Cast` mkSymCoercion co)
+              env2 = extendIdSubst env case_bndr rhs
+        ; return (env2, scrut `Cast` co, case_bndr2) }
+
+improveSeq _ env scrut _ case_bndr1 _
+  = return (env, scrut, case_bndr1)
+
+

 ------------------------------------
 simplAlt :: SimplEnv
          -> [AltCon]    -- These constructors can't be present when
 ------------------------------------
 simplAlt :: SimplEnv
          -> [AltCon]    -- These constructors can't be present when

@@ -1633,7 +1768,7 @@ simplAlt env _ case_bndr' cont' (DataAlt con, vs, rhs)
         = go vs the_strs
         where
           go [] [] = []
         = go vs the_strs
         where
           go [] [] = []

-          go (v:vs') strs | isTyVar v = v : go vs' strs
+          go (v:vs') strs | isTyCoVar v = v : go vs' strs

           go (v:vs') (str:strs)
             | isMarkedStrict str = evald_v  : go vs' strs
             | otherwise          = zapped_v : go vs' strs
           go (v:vs') (str:strs)
             | isMarkedStrict str = evald_v  : go vs' strs
             | otherwise          = zapped_v : go vs' strs

@@ -1642,6 +1777,7 @@ simplAlt env _ case_bndr' cont' (DataAlt con, vs, rhs)
               evald_v  = zapped_v `setIdUnfolding` evaldUnfolding
           go _ _ = pprPanic "cat_evals" (ppr con $$ ppr vs $$ ppr the_strs)
 
               evald_v  = zapped_v `setIdUnfolding` evaldUnfolding
           go _ _ = pprPanic "cat_evals" (ppr con $$ ppr vs $$ ppr the_strs)
 

+       -- See Note [zapOccInfo]

         -- zap_occ_info: if the case binder is alive, then we add the unfolding
         --      case_bndr = C vs
         -- to the envt; so vs are now very much alive
         -- zap_occ_info: if the case binder is alive, then we add the unfolding
         --      case_bndr = C vs
         -- to the envt; so vs are now very much alive

@@ -1649,16 +1785,23 @@ simplAlt env _ case_bndr' cont' (DataAlt con, vs, rhs)
         --        case e of t { (a,b) -> ...(case t of (p,q) -> p)... }
         --   ==>  case e of t { (a,b) -> ...(a)... }
         -- Look, Ma, a is alive now.
         --        case e of t { (a,b) -> ...(case t of (p,q) -> p)... }
         --   ==>  case e of t { (a,b) -> ...(a)... }
         -- Look, Ma, a is alive now.

-    zap_occ_info | isDeadBinder case_bndr' = \ident -> ident
-                 | otherwise               = zapOccInfo
+    zap_occ_info = zapCasePatIdOcc case_bndr'

 
 addBinderUnfolding :: SimplEnv -> Id -> CoreExpr -> SimplEnv
 addBinderUnfolding env bndr rhs
 
 addBinderUnfolding :: SimplEnv -> Id -> CoreExpr -> SimplEnv
 addBinderUnfolding env bndr rhs

-  = modifyInScope env bndr (bndr `setIdUnfolding` mkUnfolding False rhs)
+  = modifyInScope env (bndr `setIdUnfolding` mkUnfolding False False rhs)

 
 addBinderOtherCon :: SimplEnv -> Id -> [AltCon] -> SimplEnv
 addBinderOtherCon env bndr cons
 
 addBinderOtherCon :: SimplEnv -> Id -> [AltCon] -> SimplEnv
 addBinderOtherCon env bndr cons

-  = modifyInScope env bndr (bndr `setIdUnfolding` mkOtherCon cons)
+  = modifyInScope env (bndr `setIdUnfolding` mkOtherCon cons)
+
+zapCasePatIdOcc :: Id -> Id -> Id
+-- Consider  case e of b { (a,b) -> ... }
+-- Then if we bind b to (a,b) in "...", and b is not dead,
+-- then we must zap the deadness info on a,b
+zapCasePatIdOcc case_bndr
+  | isDeadBinder case_bndr = \ pat_id -> pat_id
+  | otherwise             = \ pat_id -> zapIdOccInfo pat_id

 \end{code}
 
 
 \end{code}
 
 

@@ -1682,75 +1825,72 @@ and then
 All this should happen in one sweep.
 
 \begin{code}
 All this should happen in one sweep.
 
 \begin{code}

-knownCon :: SimplEnv -> OutExpr -> AltCon
-        -> [OutExpr]           -- Args *including* the universal args
-         -> InId -> [InAlt] -> SimplCont
-         -> SimplM (SimplEnv, OutExpr)
-
-knownCon env scrut con args bndr alts cont
-  = do  { tick (KnownBranch bndr)
-        ; knownAlt env scrut args bndr (findAlt con alts) cont }
-
-knownAlt :: SimplEnv -> OutExpr -> [OutExpr]
-         -> InId -> (AltCon, [CoreBndr], InExpr) -> SimplCont
+knownCon :: SimplEnv           
+         -> OutExpr                            -- The scrutinee
+         -> DataCon -> [OutType] -> [OutExpr]  -- The scrutinee (in pieces)
+         -> InId -> [InBndr] -> InExpr         -- The alternative
+         -> SimplCont

          -> SimplM (SimplEnv, OutExpr)
          -> SimplM (SimplEnv, OutExpr)

-knownAlt env scrut _ bndr (DEFAULT, bs, rhs) cont
-  = ASSERT( null bs )
-    do  { env' <- simplNonRecX env bndr scrut
-                -- This might give rise to a binding with non-atomic args
-                -- like x = Node (f x) (g x)
-                -- but simplNonRecX will atomic-ify it
-        ; simplExprF env' rhs cont }

 
 

-knownAlt env scrut _ bndr (LitAlt _, bs, rhs) cont
-  = ASSERT( null bs )
-    do  { env' <- simplNonRecX env bndr scrut
-        ; simplExprF env' rhs cont }
-
-knownAlt env scrut the_args bndr (DataAlt dc, bs, rhs) cont
-  = do  { let dead_bndr  = isDeadBinder bndr    -- bndr is an InId
-              n_drop_tys = length (dataConUnivTyVars dc)
-        ; env' <- bind_args env dead_bndr bs (drop n_drop_tys the_args)
-        ; let
-                -- It's useful to bind bndr to scrut, rather than to a fresh
-                -- binding      x = Con arg1 .. argn
-                -- because very often the scrut is a variable, so we avoid
-                -- creating, and then subsequently eliminating, a let-binding
-                -- BUT, if scrut is a not a variable, we must be careful
-                -- about duplicating the arg redexes; in that case, make
-                -- a new con-app from the args
-                bndr_rhs  = case scrut of
-                                Var _ -> scrut
-                                _     -> con_app
-                con_app = mkConApp dc (take n_drop_tys the_args ++ con_args)
-                con_args = [substExpr env' (varToCoreExpr b) | b <- bs]
-                                -- args are aready OutExprs, but bs are InIds
-
-        ; env'' <- simplNonRecX env' bndr bndr_rhs
-        ; -- pprTrace "knownCon2" (ppr bs $$ ppr rhs $$ ppr (seIdSubst env'')) $
-          simplExprF env'' rhs cont }
+knownCon env scrut dc dc_ty_args dc_args bndr bs rhs cont
+  = do  { env'  <- bind_args env bs dc_args
+        ; env'' <- bind_case_bndr env'
+        ; simplExprF env'' rhs cont }

   where
   where

-    -- Ugh!
-    bind_args env' _ [] _  = return env'
+    zap_occ = zapCasePatIdOcc bndr    -- bndr is an InId
+
+                  -- Ugh!
+    bind_args env' [] _  = return env'

 
 

-    bind_args env' dead_bndr (b:bs') (Type ty : args)
-      = ASSERT( isTyVar b )
-        bind_args (extendTvSubst env' b ty) dead_bndr bs' args
+    bind_args env' (b:bs') (Type ty : args)
+      = ASSERT( isTyCoVar b )
+        bind_args (extendTvSubst env' b ty) bs' args

 
 

-    bind_args env' dead_bndr (b:bs') (arg : args)
+    bind_args env' (b:bs') (arg : args)

       = ASSERT( isId b )
       = ASSERT( isId b )

-        do { let b' = if dead_bndr then b else zapOccInfo b
+        do { let b' = zap_occ b

              -- Note that the binder might be "dead", because it doesn't
              -- occur in the RHS; and simplNonRecX may therefore discard
              -- it via postInlineUnconditionally.
              -- Nevertheless we must keep it if the case-binder is alive,
              -- because it may be used in the con_app.  See Note [zapOccInfo]
            ; env'' <- simplNonRecX env' b' arg
              -- Note that the binder might be "dead", because it doesn't
              -- occur in the RHS; and simplNonRecX may therefore discard
              -- it via postInlineUnconditionally.
              -- Nevertheless we must keep it if the case-binder is alive,
              -- because it may be used in the con_app.  See Note [zapOccInfo]
            ; env'' <- simplNonRecX env' b' arg

-           ; bind_args env'' dead_bndr bs' args }
+           ; bind_args env'' bs' args }

 
 

-    bind_args _ _ _ _ =
-      pprPanic "bind_args" $ ppr dc $$ ppr bs $$ ppr the_args $$
+    bind_args _ _ _ =
+      pprPanic "bind_args" $ ppr dc $$ ppr bs $$ ppr dc_args $$

                              text "scrut:" <+> ppr scrut
                              text "scrut:" <+> ppr scrut

+
+       -- It's useful to bind bndr to scrut, rather than to a fresh
+       -- binding      x = Con arg1 .. argn
+       -- because very often the scrut is a variable, so we avoid
+       -- creating, and then subsequently eliminating, a let-binding
+       -- BUT, if scrut is a not a variable, we must be careful
+       -- about duplicating the arg redexes; in that case, make
+       -- a new con-app from the args
+    bind_case_bndr env
+      | isDeadBinder bndr   = return env
+      | exprIsTrivial scrut = return (extendIdSubst env bndr (DoneEx scrut))
+      | otherwise           = do { dc_args <- mapM (simplVar env) bs
+                                        -- dc_ty_args are aready OutTypes, 
+                                        -- but bs are InBndrs
+                                ; let con_app = Var (dataConWorkId dc) 
+                                                `mkTyApps` dc_ty_args      
+                                                `mkApps`   dc_args
+                                ; simplNonRecX env bndr con_app }
+  
+-------------------
+missingAlt :: SimplEnv -> Id -> [InAlt] -> SimplCont -> SimplM (SimplEnv, OutExpr)
+               -- This isn't strictly an error, although it is unusual. 
+               -- It's possible that the simplifer might "see" that 
+               -- an inner case has no accessible alternatives before 
+               -- it "sees" that the entire branch of an outer case is 
+               -- inaccessible.  So we simply put an error case here instead.
+missingAlt env case_bndr alts cont
+  = WARN( True, ptext (sLit "missingAlt") <+> ppr case_bndr )
+    return (env, mkImpossibleExpr res_ty)
+  where
+    res_ty = contResultType env (substTy env (coreAltsType alts)) cont

 \end{code}
 
 
 \end{code}
 
 

@@ -1789,11 +1929,13 @@ mkDupableCont env (CoerceIt ty cont)
 
 mkDupableCont env cont@(StrictBind {})
   =  return (env, mkBoringStop, cont)
 
 mkDupableCont env cont@(StrictBind {})
   =  return (env, mkBoringStop, cont)

-        -- See Note [Duplicating strict continuations]
+        -- See Note [Duplicating StrictBind]

 
 

-mkDupableCont env cont@(StrictArg {})
-  =  return (env, mkBoringStop, cont)
-        -- See Note [Duplicating strict continuations]
+mkDupableCont env (StrictArg info cci cont)
+        -- See Note [Duplicating StrictArg]
+  = do { (env', dup, nodup) <- mkDupableCont env cont
+       ; (env'', args')     <- mapAccumLM (makeTrivial NotTopLevel) env' (ai_args info)
+       ; return (env'', StrictArg (info { ai_args = args' }) cci dup, nodup) }

 
 mkDupableCont env (ApplyTo _ arg se cont)
   =     -- e.g.         [...hole...] (...arg...)
 
 mkDupableCont env (ApplyTo _ arg se cont)
   =     -- e.g.         [...hole...] (...arg...)

@@ -1802,15 +1944,17 @@ mkDupableCont env (ApplyTo _ arg se cont)
         --              in [...hole...] a
     do  { (env', dup_cont, nodup_cont) <- mkDupableCont env cont
         ; arg' <- simplExpr (se `setInScope` env') arg
         --              in [...hole...] a
     do  { (env', dup_cont, nodup_cont) <- mkDupableCont env cont
         ; arg' <- simplExpr (se `setInScope` env') arg

-        ; (env'', arg'') <- makeTrivial env' arg'
-        ; let app_cont = ApplyTo OkToDup arg'' (zapSubstEnv env') dup_cont
+        ; (env'', arg'') <- makeTrivial NotTopLevel env' arg'
+        ; let app_cont = ApplyTo OkToDup arg'' (zapSubstEnv env'') dup_cont

         ; return (env'', app_cont, nodup_cont) }
 
         ; return (env'', app_cont, nodup_cont) }
 

-mkDupableCont env cont@(Select _ _ [(_, bs, _rhs)] _ _)
+mkDupableCont env cont@(Select _ case_bndr [(_, bs, _rhs)] _ _)

 --  See Note [Single-alternative case]
 --  | not (exprIsDupable rhs && contIsDupable case_cont)
 --  | not (isDeadBinder case_bndr)
 --  See Note [Single-alternative case]
 --  | not (exprIsDupable rhs && contIsDupable case_cont)
 --  | not (isDeadBinder case_bndr)

-  | all isDeadBinder bs         -- InIds
+  | all isDeadBinder bs  -- InIds
+    && not (isUnLiftedType (idType case_bndr))
+    -- Note [Single-alternative-unlifted]

   = return (env, mkBoringStop, cont)
 
 mkDupableCont env (Select _ case_bndr alts se cont)
   = return (env, mkBoringStop, cont)
 
 mkDupableCont env (Select _ case_bndr alts se cont)

@@ -1860,14 +2004,33 @@ mkDupableAlts env case_bndr' the_alts
 
 mkDupableAlt :: SimplEnv -> OutId -> (AltCon, [CoreBndr], CoreExpr)
               -> SimplM (SimplEnv, (AltCon, [CoreBndr], CoreExpr))
 
 mkDupableAlt :: SimplEnv -> OutId -> (AltCon, [CoreBndr], CoreExpr)
               -> SimplM (SimplEnv, (AltCon, [CoreBndr], CoreExpr))

-mkDupableAlt env case_bndr' (con, bndrs', rhs')
+mkDupableAlt env case_bndr (con, bndrs', rhs')

   | exprIsDupable rhs'  -- Note [Small alternative rhs]
   = return (env, (con, bndrs', rhs'))
   | otherwise
   | exprIsDupable rhs'  -- Note [Small alternative rhs]
   = return (env, (con, bndrs', rhs'))
   | otherwise

-  = do  { let rhs_ty'     = exprType rhs'
-              used_bndrs' = filter abstract_over (case_bndr' : bndrs')
+  = do  { let rhs_ty'  = exprType rhs'
+             scrut_ty = idType case_bndr
+             case_bndr_w_unf   
+                = case con of 
+                     DEFAULT    -> case_bndr                                   
+                     DataAlt dc -> setIdUnfolding case_bndr unf
+                         where
+                                -- See Note [Case binders and join points]
+                            unf = mkInlineRule rhs Nothing
+                            rhs = mkConApp dc (map Type (tyConAppArgs scrut_ty)
+                                               ++ varsToCoreExprs bndrs')
+
+                     LitAlt {} -> WARN( True, ptext (sLit "mkDupableAlt")
+                                               <+> ppr case_bndr <+> ppr con )
+                                  case_bndr
+                          -- The case binder is alive but trivial, so why has 
+                          -- it not been substituted away?
+
+              used_bndrs' | isDeadBinder case_bndr = filter abstract_over bndrs'
+                         | otherwise              = bndrs' ++ [case_bndr_w_unf]
+             

               abstract_over bndr
               abstract_over bndr

-                  | isTyVar bndr = True -- Abstract over all type variables just in case
+                  | isTyCoVar bndr = True -- Abstract over all type variables just in case

                   | otherwise    = not (isDeadBinder bndr)
                         -- The deadness info on the new Ids is preserved by simplBinders
 
                   | otherwise    = not (isDeadBinder bndr)
                         -- The deadness info on the new Ids is preserved by simplBinders
 

@@ -1890,10 +2053,52 @@ mkDupableAlt env case_bndr' (con, bndrs', rhs')
                 join_rhs  = mkLams really_final_bndrs rhs'
                 join_call = mkApps (Var join_bndr) final_args
 
                 join_rhs  = mkLams really_final_bndrs rhs'
                 join_call = mkApps (Var join_bndr) final_args
 

-        ; return (addNonRec env join_bndr join_rhs, (con, bndrs', join_call)) }
+       ; env' <- addPolyBind NotTopLevel env (NonRec join_bndr join_rhs)
+        ; return (env', (con, bndrs', join_call)) }

                 -- See Note [Duplicated env]
 \end{code}
 
                 -- See Note [Duplicated env]
 \end{code}
 

+Note [Case binders and join points]
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+Consider this 
+   case (case .. ) of c {
+     I# c# -> ....c....
+
+If we make a join point with c but not c# we get
+  $j = \c -> ....c....
+
+But if later inlining scrutines the c, thus
+
+  $j = \c -> ... case c of { I# y -> ... } ...
+
+we won't see that 'c' has already been scrutinised.  This actually
+happens in the 'tabulate' function in wave4main, and makes a significant
+difference to allocation.
+
+An alternative plan is this:
+
+   $j = \c# -> let c = I# c# in ...c....
+
+but that is bad if 'c' is *not* later scrutinised.  
+
+So instead we do both: we pass 'c' and 'c#' , and record in c's inlining
+(an InlineRule) that it's really I# c#, thus
+   
+   $j = \c# -> \c[=I# c#] -> ...c....
+
+Absence analysis may later discard 'c'.
+
+NB: take great care when doing strictness analysis; 
+    see Note [Lamba-bound unfoldings] in DmdAnal.
+
+Also note that we can still end up passing stuff that isn't used.  Before
+strictness analysis we have
+   let $j x y c{=(x,y)} = (h c, ...)
+   in ...
+After strictness analysis we see that h is strict, we end up with
+   let $j x y c{=(x,y)} = ($wh x y, ...)
+and c is unused.
+   

 Note [Duplicated env]
 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
 Some of the alternatives are simplified, but have not been turned into a join point
 Note [Duplicated env]
 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
 Some of the alternatives are simplified, but have not been turned into a join point

@@ -1903,7 +2108,7 @@ we'd lose that when zapping the subst-env.  We could have a per-alt subst-env,
 but zapping it (as we do in mkDupableCont, the Select case) is safe, and
 at worst delays the join-point inlining.
 
 but zapping it (as we do in mkDupableCont, the Select case) is safe, and
 at worst delays the join-point inlining.
 

-Note [Small alterantive rhs]
+Note [Small alternative rhs]

 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
 It is worth checking for a small RHS because otherwise we
 get extra let bindings that may cause an extra iteration of the simplifier to
 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
 It is worth checking for a small RHS because otherwise we
 get extra let bindings that may cause an extra iteration of the simplifier to

@@ -1972,32 +2177,71 @@ It's a bit silly to add the realWorld dummy arg in this case, making
            True -> $j s
 (the \v alone is enough to make CPR happy) but I think it's rare
 
            True -> $j s
 (the \v alone is enough to make CPR happy) but I think it's rare
 

-Note [Duplicating strict continuations]
-~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
-Do *not* duplicate StrictBind and StritArg continuations.  We gain
-nothing by propagating them into the expressions, and we do lose a
-lot.  Here's an example:
-        && (case x of { T -> F; F -> T }) E
+Note [Duplicating StrictArg]
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+The original plan had (where E is a big argument)
+e.g.    f E [..hole..]
+        ==>     let $j = \a -> f E a
+                in $j [..hole..]
+
+But this is terrible! Here's an example:
+        && E (case x of { T -> F; F -> T })

 Now, && is strict so we end up simplifying the case with
 an ArgOf continuation.  If we let-bind it, we get
 Now, && is strict so we end up simplifying the case with
 an ArgOf continuation.  If we let-bind it, we get

-
-        let $j = \v -> && v E
+        let $j = \v -> && E v

         in simplExpr (case x of { T -> F; F -> T })
                      (ArgOf (\r -> $j r)
 And after simplifying more we get
         in simplExpr (case x of { T -> F; F -> T })
                      (ArgOf (\r -> $j r)
 And after simplifying more we get

-
-        let $j = \v -> && v E
+        let $j = \v -> && E v

         in case x of { T -> $j F; F -> $j T }
 Which is a Very Bad Thing
 
         in case x of { T -> $j F; F -> $j T }
 Which is a Very Bad Thing
 

+What we do now is this
+       f E [..hole..]
+       ==>     let a = E
+               in f a [..hole..]
+Now if the thing in the hole is a case expression (which is when
+we'll call mkDupableCont), we'll push the function call into the
+branches, which is what we want.  Now RULES for f may fire, and
+call-pattern specialisation.  Here's an example from Trac #3116
+     go (n+1) (case l of
+                1  -> bs'
+                _  -> Chunk p fpc (o+1) (l-1) bs')
+If we can push the call for 'go' inside the case, we get
+call-pattern specialisation for 'go', which is *crucial* for 
+this program.
+
+Here is the (&&) example: 
+        && E (case x of { T -> F; F -> T })
+  ==>   let a = E in 
+        case x of { T -> && a F; F -> && a T }
+Much better!
+
+Notice that 
+  * Arguments to f *after* the strict one are handled by 
+    the ApplyTo case of mkDupableCont.  Eg
+       f [..hole..] E
+
+  * We can only do the let-binding of E because the function
+    part of a StrictArg continuation is an explicit syntax
+    tree.  In earlier versions we represented it as a function
+    (CoreExpr -> CoreEpxr) which we couldn't take apart.
+
+Do *not* duplicate StrictBind and StritArg continuations.  We gain
+nothing by propagating them into the expressions, and we do lose a
+lot.  
+
+The desire not to duplicate is the entire reason that
+mkDupableCont returns a pair of continuations.
+
+Note [Duplicating StrictBind]
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+Unlike StrictArg, there doesn't seem anything to gain from
+duplicating a StrictBind continuation, so we don't.
+

 The desire not to duplicate is the entire reason that
 mkDupableCont returns a pair of continuations.
 
 The desire not to duplicate is the entire reason that
 mkDupableCont returns a pair of continuations.
 

-The original plan had:
-e.g.    (...strict-fn...) [...hole...]
-        ==>
-                let $j = \a -> ...strict-fn...
-                in $j [...hole...]

 
 Note [Single-alternative cases]
 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
 
 Note [Single-alternative cases]
 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

@@ -2059,3 +2303,37 @@ Other choices:
      When x is inlined into its full context, we find that it was a bad
      idea to have pushed the outer case inside the (...) case.
 
      When x is inlined into its full context, we find that it was a bad
      idea to have pushed the outer case inside the (...) case.
 

+Note [Single-alternative-unlifted]
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+Here's another single-alternative where we really want to do case-of-case:
+
+data Mk1 = Mk1 Int#
+data Mk1 = Mk2 Int#
+
+M1.f =
+    \r [x_s74 y_s6X]
+        case
+            case y_s6X of tpl_s7m {
+              M1.Mk1 ipv_s70 -> ipv_s70;
+              M1.Mk2 ipv_s72 -> ipv_s72;
+            }
+        of
+        wild_s7c
+        { __DEFAULT ->
+              case
+                  case x_s74 of tpl_s7n {
+                    M1.Mk1 ipv_s77 -> ipv_s77;
+                    M1.Mk2 ipv_s79 -> ipv_s79;
+                  }
+              of
+              wild1_s7b
+              { __DEFAULT -> ==# [wild1_s7b wild_s7c];
+              };
+        };
+
+So the outer case is doing *nothing at all*, other than serving as a
+join-point.  In this case we really want to do case-of-case and decide
+whether to use a real join point or just duplicate the continuation.
+
+Hence: check whether the case binder's type is unlifted, because then
+the outer case is *not* a seq.