src/org/ibex/util/EjAlbertBrowserLauncher.java

   1 package org.ibex.util;
   2
   3 import java.io.File;
   4 import java.io.IOException;
   5 import java.lang.reflect.Constructor;
   6 import java.lang.reflect.Field;
   7 import java.lang.reflect.InvocationTargetException;
   8 import java.lang.reflect.Method;
   9
  10 /**
  11  * BrowserLauncher is a class that provides one static method, openURL, which opens the default
  12  * web browser for the current user of the system to the given URL.  It may support other
  13  * protocols depending on the system -- mailto, ftp, etc. -- but that has not been rigorously
  14  * tested and is not guaranteed to work.
  15  * <p>
  16  * Yes, this is platform-specific code, and yes, it may rely on classes on certain platforms
  17  * that are not part of the standard JDK.  What we're trying to do, though, is to take something
  18  * that's frequently desirable but inherently platform-specific -- opening a default browser --
  19  * and allow programmers (you, for example) to do so without worrying about dropping into native
  20  * code or doing anything else similarly evil.
  21  * <p>
  22  * Anyway, this code is completely in Java and will run on all JDK 1.1-compliant systems without
  23  * modification or a need for additional libraries.  All classes that are required on certain
  24  * platforms to allow this to run are dynamically loaded at runtime via reflection and, if not
  25  * found, will not cause this to do anything other than returning an error when opening the
  26  * browser.
  27  * <p>
  28  * There are certain system requirements for this class, as it's running through Runtime.exec(),
  29  * which is Java's way of making a native system call.  Currently, this requires that a Macintosh
  30  * have a Finder which supports the GURL event, which is true for Mac OS 8.0 and 8.1 systems that
  31  * have the Internet Scripting AppleScript dictionary installed in the Scripting Additions folder
  32  * in the Extensions folder (which is installed by default as far as I know under Mac OS 8.0 and
  33  * 8.1), and for all Mac OS 8.5 and later systems.  On Windows, it only runs under Win32 systems
  34  * (Windows 95, 98, and NT 4.0, as well as later versions of all).  On other systems, this drops
  35  * back from the inherently platform-sensitive concept of a default browser and simply attempts
  36  * to launch Netscape via a shell command.
  37  * <p>
  38  * This code is Copyright 1999-2001 by Eric Albert (ejalbert@cs.stanford.edu) and may be
  39  * redistributed or modified in any form without restrictions as long as the portion of this
  40  * comment from this paragraph through the end of the comment is not removed.  The author
  41  * requests that he be notified of any application, applet, or other binary that makes use of
  42  * this code, but that's more out of curiosity than anything and is not required.  This software
  43  * includes no warranty.  The author is not repsonsible for any loss of data or functionality
  44  * or any adverse or unexpected effects of using this software.
  45  * <p>
  46  * Credits:
  47  * <br>Steven Spencer, JavaWorld magazine (<a href="http://www.javaworld.com/javaworld/javatips/jw-javatip66.html">Java Tip 66</a>)
  48  * <br>Thanks also to Ron B. Yeh, Eric Shapiro, Ben Engber, Paul Teitlebaum, Andrea Cantatore,
  49  * Larry Barowski, Trevor Bedzek, Frank Miedrich, and Ron Rabakukk
  50  *
  51  * @author Eric Albert (<a href="mailto:ejalbert@cs.stanford.edu">ejalbert@cs.stanford.edu</a>)
  52  * @version 1.4b1 (Released June 20, 2001)
  53  */
  54 public class EjAlbertBrowserLauncher {
  55
  56         /**
  57          * The Java virtual machine that we are running on.  Actually, in most cases we only care
  58          * about the operating system, but some operating systems require us to switch on the VM. */
  59         private static int jvm;
  60
  61         /** The browser for the system */
  62         private static Object browser;
  63
  64         /**
  65          * Caches whether any classes, methods, and fields that are not part of the JDK and need to
  66          * be dynamically loaded at runtime loaded successfully.
  67          * <p>
  68          * Note that if this is <code>false</code>, <code>openURL()</code> will always return an
  69          * IOException.
  70          */
  71         private static boolean loadedWithoutErrors;
  72
  73         /** The com.apple.mrj.MRJFileUtils class */
  74         private static Class mrjFileUtilsClass;
  75
  76         /** The com.apple.mrj.MRJOSType class */
  77         private static Class mrjOSTypeClass;
  78
  79         /** The com.apple.MacOS.AEDesc class */
  80         private static Class aeDescClass;
  81
  82         /** The <init>(int) method of com.apple.MacOS.AETarget */
  83         private static Constructor aeTargetConstructor;
  84
  85         /** The <init>(int, int, int) method of com.apple.MacOS.AppleEvent */
  86         private static Constructor appleEventConstructor;
  87
  88         /** The <init>(String) method of com.apple.MacOS.AEDesc */
  89         private static Constructor aeDescConstructor;
  90
  91         /** The findFolder method of com.apple.mrj.MRJFileUtils */
  92         private static Method findFolder;
  93
  94         /** The getFileCreator method of com.apple.mrj.MRJFileUtils */
  95         private static Method getFileCreator;
  96
  97         /** The getFileType method of com.apple.mrj.MRJFileUtils */
  98         private static Method getFileType;
  99
 100         /** The openURL method of com.apple.mrj.MRJFileUtils */
 101         private static Method openURLm;
 102
 103         /** The makeOSType method of com.apple.MacOS.OSUtils */
 104         private static Method makeOSType;
 105
 106         /** The putParameter method of com.apple.MacOS.AppleEvent */
 107         private static Method putParameter;
 108
 109         /** The sendNoReply method of com.apple.MacOS.AppleEvent */
 110         private static Method sendNoReply;
 111
 112         /** Actually an MRJOSType pointing to the System Folder on a Macintosh */
 113         private static Object kSystemFolderType;
 114
 115         /** The keyDirectObject AppleEvent parameter type */
 116         private static Integer keyDirectObject;
 117
 118         /** The kAutoGenerateReturnID AppleEvent code */
 119         private static Integer kAutoGenerateReturnID;
 120
 121         /** The kAnyTransactionID AppleEvent code */
 122         private static Integer kAnyTransactionID;
 123
 124         /** The linkage object required for JDirect 3 on Mac OS X. */
 125         private static Object linkage;
 126
 127         /** The framework to reference on Mac OS X */
 128         private static final String JDirect_MacOSX = "/System/Library/Frameworks/Carbon.framework/Frameworks/HIToolbox.framework/HIToolbox";
 129
 130         /** JVM constant for MRJ 2.0 */
 131         private static final int MRJ_2_0 = 0;
 132
 133         /** JVM constant for MRJ 2.1 or later */
 134         private static final int MRJ_2_1 = 1;
 135
 136         /** JVM constant for Java on Mac OS X 10.0 (MRJ 3.0) */
 137         private static final int MRJ_3_0 = 3;
 138
 139         /** JVM constant for MRJ 3.1 */
 140         private static final int MRJ_3_1 = 4;
 141
 142         /** JVM constant for any Windows NT JVM */
 143         private static final int WINDOWS_NT = 5;
 144
 145         /** JVM constant for any Windows 9x JVM */
 146         private static final int WINDOWS_9x = 6;
 147
 148         /** JVM constant for any other platform */
 149         private static final int OTHER = -1;
 150
 151         /**
 152          * The file type of the Finder on a Macintosh.  Hardcoding "Finder" would keep non-U.S. English
 153          * systems from working properly.
 154          */
 155         private static final String FINDER_TYPE = "FNDR";
 156
 157         /**
 158          * The creator code of the Finder on a Macintosh, which is needed to send AppleEvents to the
 159          * application.
 160          */
 161         private static final String FINDER_CREATOR = "MACS";
 162
 163         /** The name for the AppleEvent type corresponding to a GetURL event. */
 164         private static final String GURL_EVENT = "GURL";
 165
 166         /**
 167          * The first parameter that needs to be passed into Runtime.exec() to open the default web
 168          * browser on Windows.
 169          */
 170     private static final String FIRST_WINDOWS_PARAMETER = "/c";
 171
 172     /** The second parameter for Runtime.exec() on Windows. */
 173     private static final String SECOND_WINDOWS_PARAMETER = "start";
 174
 175     /**
 176      * The third parameter for Runtime.exec() on Windows.  This is a "title"
 177      * parameter that the command line expects.  Setting this parameter allows
 178      * URLs containing spaces to work.
 179      */
 180     private static final String THIRD_WINDOWS_PARAMETER = "\"\"";
 181
 182         /**
 183          * The shell parameters for Netscape that opens a given URL in an already-open copy of Netscape
 184          * on many command-line systems.
 185          */
 186         private static final String NETSCAPE_REMOTE_PARAMETER = "-remote";
 187         private static final String NETSCAPE_OPEN_PARAMETER_START = "'openURL(";
 188         private static final String NETSCAPE_OPEN_PARAMETER_END = ")'";
 189
 190         /**
 191          * The message from any exception thrown throughout the initialization process.
 192          */
 193         private static String errorMessage;
 194
 195         /**
 196          * An initialization block that determines the operating system and loads the necessary
 197          * runtime data.
 198          */
 199         static {
 200                 loadedWithoutErrors = true;
 201                 String osName = System.getProperty("os.name");
 202                 if (osName.startsWith("Mac OS")) {
 203                         String mrjVersion = System.getProperty("mrj.version");
 204                         String majorMRJVersion = mrjVersion.substring(0, 3);
 205                         try {
 206                                 double version = Double.valueOf(majorMRJVersion).doubleValue();
 207                                 if (version == 2) {
 208                                         jvm = MRJ_2_0;
 209                                 } else if (version >= 2.1 && version < 3) {
 210                                         // Assume that all 2.x versions of MRJ work the same.  MRJ 2.1 actually
 211                                         // works via Runtime.exec() and 2.2 supports that but has an openURL() method
 212                                         // as well that we currently ignore.
 213                                         jvm = MRJ_2_1;
 214                                 } else if (version == 3.0) {
 215                                         jvm = MRJ_3_0;
 216                                 } else if (version >= 3.1) {
 217                                         // Assume that all 3.1 and later versions of MRJ work the same.
 218                                         jvm = MRJ_3_1;
 219                                 } else {
 220                                         loadedWithoutErrors = false;
 221                                         errorMessage = "Unsupported MRJ version: " + version;
 222                                 }
 223                         } catch (NumberFormatException nfe) {
 224                                 loadedWithoutErrors = false;
 225                                 errorMessage = "Invalid MRJ version: " + mrjVersion;
 226                         }
 227                 } else if (osName.startsWith("Windows")) {
 228                         if (osName.indexOf("9") != -1) {
 229                                 jvm = WINDOWS_9x;
 230                         } else {
 231                                 jvm = WINDOWS_NT;
 232                         }
 233                 } else {
 234                         jvm = OTHER;
 235                 }
 236
 237                 if (loadedWithoutErrors) {      // if we haven't hit any errors yet
 238                         loadedWithoutErrors = loadClasses();
 239                 }
 240         }
 241
 242         /**
 243          * This class should be never be instantiated; this just ensures so.
 244          */
 245         private EjAlbertBrowserLauncher() { }
 246
 247         /**
 248          * Called by a static initializer to load any classes, fields, and methods required at runtime
 249          * to locate the user's web browser.
 250          * @return <code>true</code> if all intialization succeeded
 251          *                      <code>false</code> if any portion of the initialization failed
 252          */
 253         private static boolean loadClasses() {
 254                 switch (jvm) {
 255                         case MRJ_2_0:
 256                                 try {
 257                                         Class aeTargetClass = Class.forName("com.apple.MacOS.AETarget");
 258                                         Class osUtilsClass = Class.forName("com.apple.MacOS.OSUtils");
 259                                         Class appleEventClass = Class.forName("com.apple.MacOS.AppleEvent");
 260                                         Class aeClass = Class.forName("com.apple.MacOS.ae");
 261                                         aeDescClass = Class.forName("com.apple.MacOS.AEDesc");
 262
 263                                         aeTargetConstructor = aeTargetClass.getDeclaredConstructor(new Class [] { int.class });
 264                                         appleEventConstructor = appleEventClass.getDeclaredConstructor(new Class[] { int.class, int.class, aeTargetClass, int.class, int.class });
 265                                         aeDescConstructor = aeDescClass.getDeclaredConstructor(new Class[] { String.class });
 266
 267                                         makeOSType = osUtilsClass.getDeclaredMethod("makeOSType", new Class [] { String.class });
 268                                         putParameter = appleEventClass.getDeclaredMethod("putParameter", new Class[] { int.class, aeDescClass });
 269                                         sendNoReply = appleEventClass.getDeclaredMethod("sendNoReply", new Class[] { });
 270
 271                                         Field keyDirectObjectField = aeClass.getDeclaredField("keyDirectObject");
 272                                         keyDirectObject = (Integer) keyDirectObjectField.get(null);
 273                                         Field autoGenerateReturnIDField = appleEventClass.getDeclaredField("kAutoGenerateReturnID");
 274                                         kAutoGenerateReturnID = (Integer) autoGenerateReturnIDField.get(null);
 275                                         Field anyTransactionIDField = appleEventClass.getDeclaredField("kAnyTransactionID");
 276                                         kAnyTransactionID = (Integer) anyTransactionIDField.get(null);
 277                                 } catch (ClassNotFoundException cnfe) {
 278                                         errorMessage = cnfe.getMessage();
 279                                         return false;
 280                                 } catch (NoSuchMethodException nsme) {
 281                                         errorMessage = nsme.getMessage();
 282                                         return false;
 283                                 } catch (NoSuchFieldException nsfe) {
 284                                         errorMessage = nsfe.getMessage();
 285                                         return false;
 286                                 } catch (IllegalAccessException iae) {
 287                                         errorMessage = iae.getMessage();
 288                                         return false;
 289                                 }
 290                                 break;
 291                         case MRJ_2_1:
 292                                 try {
 293                                         mrjFileUtilsClass = Class.forName("com.apple.mrj.MRJFileUtils");
 294                                         mrjOSTypeClass = Class.forName("com.apple.mrj.MRJOSType");
 295                                         Field systemFolderField = mrjFileUtilsClass.getDeclaredField("kSystemFolderType");
 296                                         kSystemFolderType = systemFolderField.get(null);
 297                                         findFolder = mrjFileUtilsClass.getDeclaredMethod("findFolder", new Class[] { mrjOSTypeClass });
 298                                         getFileCreator = mrjFileUtilsClass.getDeclaredMethod("getFileCreator", new Class[] { File.class });
 299                                         getFileType = mrjFileUtilsClass.getDeclaredMethod("getFileType", new Class[] { File.class });
 300                                 } catch (ClassNotFoundException cnfe) {
 301                                         errorMessage = cnfe.getMessage();
 302                                         return false;
 303                                 } catch (NoSuchFieldException nsfe) {
 304                                         errorMessage = nsfe.getMessage();
 305                                         return false;
 306                                 } catch (NoSuchMethodException nsme) {
 307                                         errorMessage = nsme.getMessage();
 308                                         return false;
 309                                 } catch (SecurityException se) {
 310                                         errorMessage = se.getMessage();
 311                                         return false;
 312                                 } catch (IllegalAccessException iae) {
 313                                         errorMessage = iae.getMessage();
 314                                         return false;
 315                                 }
 316                                 break;
 317                         case MRJ_3_0:
 318                             try {
 319                                         Class linker = Class.forName("com.apple.mrj.jdirect.Linker");
 320                                         Constructor constructor = linker.getConstructor(new Class[]{ Class.class });
 321                                         linkage = constructor.newInstance(new Object[] { EjAlbertBrowserLauncher.class });
 322                                 } catch (ClassNotFoundException cnfe) {
 323                                         errorMessage = cnfe.getMessage();
 324                                         return false;
 325                                 } catch (NoSuchMethodException nsme) {
 326                                         errorMessage = nsme.getMessage();
 327                                         return false;
 328                                 } catch (InvocationTargetException ite) {
 329                                         errorMessage = ite.getMessage();
 330                                         return false;
 331                                 } catch (InstantiationException ie) {
 332                                         errorMessage = ie.getMessage();
 333                                         return false;
 334                                 } catch (IllegalAccessException iae) {
 335                                         errorMessage = iae.getMessage();
 336                                         return false;
 337                                 }
 338                                 break;
 339                         case MRJ_3_1:
 340                                 try {
 341                                         mrjFileUtilsClass = Class.forName("com.apple.mrj.MRJFileUtils");
 342                                         openURLm = mrjFileUtilsClass.getDeclaredMethod("openURL", new Class[] { String.class });
 343                                 } catch (ClassNotFoundException cnfe) {
 344                                         errorMessage = cnfe.getMessage();
 345                                         return false;
 346                                 } catch (NoSuchMethodException nsme) {
 347                                         errorMessage = nsme.getMessage();
 348                                         return false;
 349                                 }
 350                                 break;
 351                         default:
 352                             break;
 353                 }
 354                 return true;
 355         }
 356
 357         /**
 358          * Attempts to locate the default web browser on the local system.  Caches results so it
 359          * only locates the browser once for each use of this class per JVM instance.
 360          * @return The browser for the system.  Note that this may not be what you would consider
 361          *                      to be a standard web browser; instead, it's the application that gets called to
 362          *                      open the default web browser.  In some cases, this will be a non-String object
 363          *                      that provides the means of calling the default browser.
 364          */
 365         private static Object locateBrowser() {
 366                 if (browser != null) {
 367                         return browser;
 368                 }
 369                 switch (jvm) {
 370                         case MRJ_2_0:
 371                                 try {
 372                                         Integer finderCreatorCode = (Integer) makeOSType.invoke(null, new Object[] { FINDER_CREATOR });
 373                                         Object aeTarget = aeTargetConstructor.newInstance(new Object[] { finderCreatorCode });
 374                                         Integer gurlType = (Integer) makeOSType.invoke(null, new Object[] { GURL_EVENT });
 375                                         Object appleEvent = appleEventConstructor.newInstance(new Object[] { gurlType, gurlType, aeTarget, kAutoGenerateReturnID, kAnyTransactionID });
 376                                         // Don't set browser = appleEvent because then the next time we call
 377                                         // locateBrowser(), we'll get the same AppleEvent, to which we'll already have
 378                                         // added the relevant parameter. Instead, regenerate the AppleEvent every time.
 379                                         // There's probably a way to do this better; if any has any ideas, please let
 380                                         // me know.
 381                                         return appleEvent;
 382                                 } catch (IllegalAccessException iae) {
 383                                         browser = null;
 384                                         errorMessage = iae.getMessage();
 385                                         return browser;
 386                                 } catch (InstantiationException ie) {
 387                                         browser = null;
 388                                         errorMessage = ie.getMessage();
 389                                         return browser;
 390                                 } catch (InvocationTargetException ite) {
 391                                         browser = null;
 392                                         errorMessage = ite.getMessage();
 393                                         return browser;
 394                                 }
 395                         case MRJ_2_1:
 396                                 File systemFolder;
 397                                 try {
 398                                         systemFolder = (File) findFolder.invoke(null, new Object[] { kSystemFolderType });
 399                                 } catch (IllegalArgumentException iare) {
 400                                         browser = null;
 401                                         errorMessage = iare.getMessage();
 402                                         return browser;
 403                                 } catch (IllegalAccessException iae) {
 404                                         browser = null;
 405                                         errorMessage = iae.getMessage();
 406                                         return browser;
 407                                 } catch (InvocationTargetException ite) {
 408                                         browser = null;
 409                                         errorMessage = ite.getTargetException().getClass() + ": " + ite.getTargetException().getMessage();
 410                                         return browser;
 411                                 }
 412                                 String[] systemFolderFiles = systemFolder.list();
 413                                 // Avoid a FilenameFilter because that can't be stopped mid-list
 414                                 for(int i = 0; i < systemFolderFiles.length; i++) {
 415                                         try {
 416                                                 File file = new File(systemFolder, systemFolderFiles[i]);
 417                                                 if (!file.isFile()) {
 418                                                         continue;
 419                                                 }
 420                                                 // We're looking for a file with a creator code of 'MACS' and
 421                                                 // a type of 'FNDR'.  Only requiring the type results in non-Finder
 422                                                 // applications being picked up on certain Mac OS 9 systems,
 423                                                 // especially German ones, and sending a GURL event to those
 424                                                 // applications results in a logout under Multiple Users.
 425                                                 Object fileType = getFileType.invoke(null, new Object[] { file });
 426                                                 if (FINDER_TYPE.equals(fileType.toString())) {
 427                                                         Object fileCreator = getFileCreator.invoke(null, new Object[] { file });
 428                                                         if (FINDER_CREATOR.equals(fileCreator.toString())) {
 429                                                                 browser = file.toString();      // Actually the Finder, but that's OK
 430                                                                 return browser;
 431                                                         }
 432                                                 }
 433                                         } catch (IllegalArgumentException iare) {
 434                                                 browser = browser;
 435                                                 errorMessage = iare.getMessage();
 436                                                 return null;
 437                                         } catch (IllegalAccessException iae) {
 438                                                 browser = null;
 439                                                 errorMessage = iae.getMessage();
 440                                                 return browser;
 441                                         } catch (InvocationTargetException ite) {
 442                                                 browser = null;
 443                                                 errorMessage = ite.getTargetException().getClass() + ": " + ite.getTargetException().getMessage();
 444                                                 return browser;
 445                                         }
 446                                 }
 447                                 browser = null;
 448                                 break;
 449                         case MRJ_3_0:
 450                         case MRJ_3_1:
 451                                 browser = "";   // Return something non-null
 452                                 break;
 453                         case WINDOWS_NT:
 454                                 browser = "cmd.exe";
 455                                 break;
 456                         case WINDOWS_9x:
 457                                 browser = "command.com";
 458                                 break;
 459                         case OTHER:
 460                         default:
 461                                 browser = "netscape";
 462                                 break;
 463                 }
 464                 return browser;
 465         }
 466
 467         /**
 468          * Attempts to open the default web browser to the given URL.
 469          * @param url The URL to open
 470          * @throws IOException If the web browser could not be located or does not run
 471          */
 472         public static void openURL(String url) throws IOException {
 473                 if (!loadedWithoutErrors) {
 474                         throw new IOException("Exception in finding browser: " + errorMessage);
 475                 }
 476                 Object browser = locateBrowser();
 477                 if (browser == null) {
 478                         throw new IOException("Unable to locate browser: " + errorMessage);
 479                 }
 480
 481                 switch (jvm) {
 482                         case MRJ_2_0:
 483                                 Object aeDesc = null;
 484                                 try {
 485                                         aeDesc = aeDescConstructor.newInstance(new Object[] { url });
 486                                         putParameter.invoke(browser, new Object[] { keyDirectObject, aeDesc });
 487                                         sendNoReply.invoke(browser, new Object[] { });
 488                                 } catch (InvocationTargetException ite) {
 489                                         throw new IOException("InvocationTargetException while creating AEDesc: " + ite.getMessage());
 490                                 } catch (IllegalAccessException iae) {
 491                                         throw new IOException("IllegalAccessException while building AppleEvent: " + iae.getMessage());
 492                                 } catch (InstantiationException ie) {
 493                                         throw new IOException("InstantiationException while creating AEDesc: " + ie.getMessage());
 494                                 } finally {
 495                                         aeDesc = null;  // Encourage it to get disposed if it was created
 496                                         browser = null; // Ditto
 497                                 }
 498                                 break;
 499                         case MRJ_2_1:
 500                                 Runtime.getRuntime().exec(new String[] { (String) browser, url } );
 501                                 break;
 502                         case MRJ_3_0:
 503                                 int[] instance = new int[1];
 504                                 int result = ICStart(instance, 0);
 505                                 if (result == 0) {
 506                                         int[] selectionStart = new int[] { 0 };
 507                                         byte[] urlBytes = url.getBytes();
 508                                         int[] selectionEnd = new int[] { urlBytes.length };
 509                                         result = ICLaunchURL(instance[0], new byte[] { 0 }, urlBytes,
 510                                                                                         urlBytes.length, selectionStart,
 511                                                                                         selectionEnd);
 512                                         if (result == 0) {
 513                                                 // Ignore the return value; the URL was launched successfully
 514                                                 // regardless of what happens here.
 515                                                 ICStop(instance);
 516                                         } else {
 517                                                 throw new IOException("Unable to launch URL: " + result);
 518                                         }
 519                                 } else {
 520                                         throw new IOException("Unable to create an Internet Config instance: " + result);
 521                                 }
 522                                 break;
 523                         case MRJ_3_1:
 524                                 try {
 525                                         openURLm.invoke(null, new Object[] { url });
 526                                 } catch (InvocationTargetException ite) {
 527                                         throw new IOException("InvocationTargetException while calling openURL: " + ite.getMessage());
 528                                 } catch (IllegalAccessException iae) {
 529                                         throw new IOException("IllegalAccessException while calling openURL: " + iae.getMessage());
 530                                 }
 531                                 break;
 532                     case WINDOWS_NT:
 533                     case WINDOWS_9x:
 534                         // Add quotes around the URL to allow ampersands and other special
 535                         // characters to work.
 536                                 Process process = Runtime.getRuntime().exec(new String[] { (String) browser,
 537                                                                                                                                 FIRST_WINDOWS_PARAMETER,
 538                                                                                                                                 SECOND_WINDOWS_PARAMETER,
 539                                                                                                                                 THIRD_WINDOWS_PARAMETER,
 540                                                                                                                                 '"' + url + '"' });
 541                                 // This avoids a memory leak on some versions of Java on Windows.
 542                                 // That's hinted at in <http://developer.java.sun.com/developer/qow/archive/68/>.
 543                                 try {
 544                                         process.waitFor();
 545                                         process.exitValue();
 546                                 } catch (InterruptedException ie) {
 547                                         throw new IOException("InterruptedException while launching browser: " + ie.getMessage());
 548                                 }
 549                                 break;
 550                         case OTHER:
 551                                 // Assume that we're on Unix and that Netscape is installed
 552
 553                                 // First, attempt to open the URL in a currently running session of Netscape
 554                                 process = Runtime.getRuntime().exec(new String[] { (String) browser,
 555                                                                                                         NETSCAPE_REMOTE_PARAMETER,
 556                                                                                                         NETSCAPE_OPEN_PARAMETER_START +
 557                                                                                                         url +
 558                                                                                                         NETSCAPE_OPEN_PARAMETER_END });
 559                                 try {
 560                                         int exitCode = process.waitFor();
 561                                         if (exitCode != 0) {    // if Netscape was not open
 562                                                 Runtime.getRuntime().exec(new String[] { (String) browser, url });
 563                                         }
 564                                 } catch (InterruptedException ie) {
 565                                         throw new IOException("InterruptedException while launching browser: " + ie.getMessage());
 566                                 }
 567                                 break;
 568                         default:
 569                                 // This should never occur, but if it does, we'll try the simplest thing possible
 570                                 Runtime.getRuntime().exec(new String[] { (String) browser, url });
 571                                 break;
 572                 }
 573         }
 574
 575         /**
 576          * Methods required for Mac OS X.  The presence of native methods does not cause
 577          * any problems on other platforms.
 578          */
 579     /*
 580         private native static int ICStart(int[] instance, int signature);
 581         private native static int ICStop(int[] instance);
 582         private native static int ICLaunchURL(int instance, byte[] hint, byte[] data, int len,
 583                                                                                         int[] selectionStart, int[] selectionEnd);
 584     */
 585     private static int ICStart(int[] instance, int signature) { return 0; }
 586     private static int ICStop(int[] instance) { return 0; }
 587     private static int ICLaunchURL(int instance, byte[] hint, byte[] data, int len,
 588         int[] selectionStart, int[] selectionEnd) { return 0; }
 589 }