1 {-# OPTIONS_GHC -fno-implicit-prelude #-}
2 -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
4 -- Module : Data.Typeable
5 -- Copyright : (c) The University of Glasgow, CWI 2001--2004
6 -- License : BSD-style (see the file libraries/base/LICENSE)
8 -- Maintainer : libraries@haskell.org
9 -- Stability : experimental
10 -- Portability : portable
12 -- The 'Typeable' class reifies types to some extent by associating type
13 -- representations to types. These type representations can be compared,
14 -- and one can in turn define a type-safe cast operation. To this end,
15 -- an unsafe cast is guarded by a test for type (representation)
16 -- equivalence. The module "Data.Dynamic" uses Typeable for an
17 -- implementation of dynamics. The module "Data.Generics" uses Typeable
18 -- and type-safe cast (but not dynamics) to support the \"Scrap your
19 -- boilerplate\" style of generic programming.
21 -- Note, only relevant if you use dynamic linking. If you have a program
22 -- that is statically linked with Data.Typeable, and then dynamically link
23 -- a program that also uses Data.Typeable, you'll get two copies of the module.
24 -- That's fine, but behind the scenes, the module uses a mutable variable to
25 -- allocate unique Ids to type constructors. So in the situation described,
26 -- there'll be two separate Id allocators, which aren't comparable to each other.
27 -- This can lead to chaos. (It's a bug that we will fix.) None of
28 -- this matters if you aren't using dynamic linking.
30 -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
35 -- * The Typeable class
36 Typeable( typeOf ), -- :: a -> TypeRep
39 cast, -- :: (Typeable a, Typeable b) => a -> Maybe b
40 gcast, -- a generalisation of cast
42 -- * Type representations
43 TypeRep, -- abstract, instance of: Eq, Show, Typeable
44 TyCon, -- abstract, instance of: Eq, Show, Typeable
46 -- * Construction of type representations
47 mkTyCon, -- :: String -> TyCon
48 mkTyConApp, -- :: TyCon -> [TypeRep] -> TypeRep
49 mkAppTy, -- :: TypeRep -> TypeRep -> TypeRep
50 mkFunTy, -- :: TypeRep -> TypeRep -> TypeRep
52 -- * Observation of type representations
53 splitTyConApp, -- :: TypeRep -> (TyCon, [TypeRep])
54 funResultTy, -- :: TypeRep -> TypeRep -> Maybe TypeRep
55 typeRepTyCon, -- :: TypeRep -> TyCon
56 typeRepArgs, -- :: TypeRep -> [TypeRep]
57 tyConString, -- :: TyCon -> String
59 -- * The other Typeable classes
60 -- | /Note:/ The general instances are provided for GHC only.
61 Typeable1( typeOf1 ), -- :: t a -> TypeRep
62 Typeable2( typeOf2 ), -- :: t a b -> TypeRep
63 Typeable3( typeOf3 ), -- :: t a b c -> TypeRep
64 Typeable4( typeOf4 ), -- :: t a b c d -> TypeRep
65 Typeable5( typeOf5 ), -- :: t a b c d e -> TypeRep
66 Typeable6( typeOf6 ), -- :: t a b c d e f -> TypeRep
67 Typeable7( typeOf7 ), -- :: t a b c d e f g -> TypeRep
68 gcast1, -- :: ... => c (t a) -> Maybe (c (t' a))
69 gcast2, -- :: ... => c (t a b) -> Maybe (c (t' a b))
71 -- * Default instances
72 -- | /Note:/ These are not needed by GHC, for which these instances
73 -- are generated by general instance declarations.
74 typeOfDefault, -- :: (Typeable1 t, Typeable a) => t a -> TypeRep
75 typeOf1Default, -- :: (Typeable2 t, Typeable a) => t a b -> TypeRep
76 typeOf2Default, -- :: (Typeable3 t, Typeable a) => t a b c -> TypeRep
77 typeOf3Default, -- :: (Typeable4 t, Typeable a) => t a b c d -> TypeRep
78 typeOf4Default, -- :: (Typeable5 t, Typeable a) => t a b c d e -> TypeRep
79 typeOf5Default, -- :: (Typeable6 t, Typeable a) => t a b c d e f -> TypeRep
80 typeOf6Default -- :: (Typeable7 t, Typeable a) => t a b c d e f g -> TypeRep
84 import qualified Data.HashTable as HT
89 import Data.List( foldl )
91 #ifdef __GLASGOW_HASKELL__
97 import GHC.Real ( rem, Ratio )
98 import GHC.IOBase (IORef,newIORef,unsafePerformIO)
100 -- These imports are so we can define Typeable instances
101 -- It'd be better to give Typeable instances in the modules themselves
102 -- but they all have to be compiled before Typeable
103 import GHC.IOBase ( IO, MVar, Exception, ArithException, IOException,
104 ArrayException, AsyncException, Handle )
106 import GHC.STRef ( STRef )
107 import GHC.Ptr ( Ptr )
108 import GHC.ForeignPtr ( ForeignPtr )
109 import GHC.Stable ( StablePtr )
110 import GHC.Arr ( Array, STArray )
119 -- For the Typeable instance
120 import Hugs.Array ( Array )
121 import Hugs.ST ( ST, STRef, STArray )
122 import Hugs.ForeignPtr ( ForeignPtr )
126 #ifdef __GLASGOW_HASKELL__
127 unsafeCoerce :: a -> b
128 unsafeCoerce = unsafeCoerce#
132 import NonStdUnsafeCoerce (unsafeCoerce)
133 import NHC.IOExtras (IORef,newIORef,readIORef,writeIORef,unsafePerformIO)
136 -- For the Typeable instance
137 import NHC.FFI ( Ptr,StablePtr )
138 import Array ( Array )
141 #include "Typeable.h"
145 -------------------------------------------------------------
147 -- Type representations
149 -------------------------------------------------------------
151 -- | A concrete representation of a (monomorphic) type. 'TypeRep'
152 -- supports reasonably efficient equality.
153 data TypeRep = TypeRep !Key TyCon [TypeRep]
155 -- Compare keys for equality
156 instance Eq TypeRep where
157 (TypeRep k1 _ _) == (TypeRep k2 _ _) = k1 == k2
159 -- | An abstract representation of a type constructor. 'TyCon' objects can
160 -- be built using 'mkTyCon'.
161 data TyCon = TyCon !Key String
163 instance Eq TyCon where
164 (TyCon t1 _) == (TyCon t2 _) = t1 == t2
169 -- let fTy = mkTyCon "Foo" in show (mkTyConApp (mkTyCon ",,")
172 -- returns "(Foo,Foo,Foo)"
174 -- The TypeRep Show instance promises to print tuple types
175 -- correctly. Tuple type constructors are specified by a
176 -- sequence of commas, e.g., (mkTyCon ",,,,") returns
177 -- the 5-tuple tycon.
179 ----------------- Construction --------------------
181 -- | Applies a type constructor to a sequence of types
182 mkTyConApp :: TyCon -> [TypeRep] -> TypeRep
183 mkTyConApp tc@(TyCon tc_k _) args
184 = TypeRep (appKeys tc_k arg_ks) tc args
186 arg_ks = [k | TypeRep k _ _ <- args]
188 -- | A special case of 'mkTyConApp', which applies the function
189 -- type constructor to a pair of types.
190 mkFunTy :: TypeRep -> TypeRep -> TypeRep
191 mkFunTy f a = mkTyConApp funTc [f,a]
193 -- | Splits a type constructor application
194 splitTyConApp :: TypeRep -> (TyCon,[TypeRep])
195 splitTyConApp (TypeRep _ tc trs) = (tc,trs)
197 -- | Applies a type to a function type. Returns: @'Just' u@ if the
198 -- first argument represents a function of type @t -> u@ and the
199 -- second argument represents a function of type @t@. Otherwise,
200 -- returns 'Nothing'.
201 funResultTy :: TypeRep -> TypeRep -> Maybe TypeRep
202 funResultTy trFun trArg
203 = case splitTyConApp trFun of
204 (tc, [t1,t2]) | tc == funTc && t1 == trArg -> Just t2
207 -- | Adds a TypeRep argument to a TypeRep.
208 mkAppTy :: TypeRep -> TypeRep -> TypeRep
209 mkAppTy (TypeRep tr_k tc trs) arg_tr
210 = let (TypeRep arg_k _ _) = arg_tr
211 in TypeRep (appKey tr_k arg_k) tc (trs++[arg_tr])
213 -- If we enforce the restriction that there is only one
214 -- @TyCon@ for a type & it is shared among all its uses,
215 -- we can map them onto Ints very simply. The benefit is,
216 -- of course, that @TyCon@s can then be compared efficiently.
218 -- Provided the implementor of other @Typeable@ instances
219 -- takes care of making all the @TyCon@s CAFs (toplevel constants),
222 -- If this constraint does turn out to be a sore thumb, changing
223 -- the Eq instance for TyCons is trivial.
225 -- | Builds a 'TyCon' object representing a type constructor. An
226 -- implementation of "Data.Typeable" should ensure that the following holds:
228 -- > mkTyCon "a" == mkTyCon "a"
231 mkTyCon :: String -- ^ the name of the type constructor (should be unique
232 -- in the program, so it might be wise to use the
233 -- fully qualified name).
234 -> TyCon -- ^ A unique 'TyCon' object
235 mkTyCon str = TyCon (mkTyConKey str) str
237 ----------------- Observation ---------------------
239 -- | Observe the type constructor of a type representation
240 typeRepTyCon :: TypeRep -> TyCon
241 typeRepTyCon (TypeRep _ tc _) = tc
243 -- | Observe the argument types of a type representation
244 typeRepArgs :: TypeRep -> [TypeRep]
245 typeRepArgs (TypeRep _ _ args) = args
247 -- | Observe string encoding of a type representation
248 tyConString :: TyCon -> String
249 tyConString (TyCon _ str) = str
251 ----------------- Showing TypeReps --------------------
253 instance Show TypeRep where
254 showsPrec p (TypeRep _ tycon tys) =
256 [] -> showsPrec p tycon
257 [x] | tycon == listTc -> showChar '[' . shows x . showChar ']'
258 [a,r] | tycon == funTc -> showParen (p > 8) $
262 xs | isTupleTyCon tycon -> showTuple tycon xs
269 instance Show TyCon where
270 showsPrec _ (TyCon _ s) = showString s
272 isTupleTyCon :: TyCon -> Bool
273 isTupleTyCon (TyCon _ (',':_)) = True
274 isTupleTyCon _ = False
276 -- Some (Show.TypeRep) helpers:
278 showArgs :: Show a => [a] -> ShowS
280 showArgs [a] = showsPrec 10 a
281 showArgs (a:as) = showsPrec 10 a . showString " " . showArgs as
283 showTuple :: TyCon -> [TypeRep] -> ShowS
284 showTuple (TyCon _ str) args = showChar '(' . go str args
286 go [] [a] = showsPrec 10 a . showChar ')'
287 go _ [] = showChar ')' -- a failure condition, really.
288 go (',':xs) (a:as) = showsPrec 10 a . showChar ',' . go xs as
289 go _ _ = showChar ')'
291 -------------------------------------------------------------
293 -- The Typeable class and friends
295 -------------------------------------------------------------
297 -- | The class 'Typeable' allows a concrete representation of a type to
299 class Typeable a where
300 typeOf :: a -> TypeRep
301 -- ^ Takes a value of type @a@ and returns a concrete representation
302 -- of that type. The /value/ of the argument should be ignored by
303 -- any instance of 'Typeable', so that it is safe to pass 'undefined' as
306 -- | Variant for unary type constructors
307 class Typeable1 t where
308 typeOf1 :: t a -> TypeRep
310 -- | For defining a 'Typeable' instance from any 'Typeable1' instance.
311 typeOfDefault :: (Typeable1 t, Typeable a) => t a -> TypeRep
312 typeOfDefault x = typeOf1 x `mkAppTy` typeOf (argType x)
317 -- | Variant for binary type constructors
318 class Typeable2 t where
319 typeOf2 :: t a b -> TypeRep
321 -- | For defining a 'Typeable1' instance from any 'Typeable2' instance.
322 typeOf1Default :: (Typeable2 t, Typeable a) => t a b -> TypeRep
323 typeOf1Default x = typeOf2 x `mkAppTy` typeOf (argType x)
325 argType :: t a b -> a
328 -- | Variant for 3-ary type constructors
329 class Typeable3 t where
330 typeOf3 :: t a b c -> TypeRep
332 -- | For defining a 'Typeable2' instance from any 'Typeable3' instance.
333 typeOf2Default :: (Typeable3 t, Typeable a) => t a b c -> TypeRep
334 typeOf2Default x = typeOf3 x `mkAppTy` typeOf (argType x)
336 argType :: t a b c -> a
339 -- | Variant for 4-ary type constructors
340 class Typeable4 t where
341 typeOf4 :: t a b c d -> TypeRep
343 -- | For defining a 'Typeable3' instance from any 'Typeable4' instance.
344 typeOf3Default :: (Typeable4 t, Typeable a) => t a b c d -> TypeRep
345 typeOf3Default x = typeOf4 x `mkAppTy` typeOf (argType x)
347 argType :: t a b c d -> a
350 -- | Variant for 5-ary type constructors
351 class Typeable5 t where
352 typeOf5 :: t a b c d e -> TypeRep
354 -- | For defining a 'Typeable4' instance from any 'Typeable5' instance.
355 typeOf4Default :: (Typeable5 t, Typeable a) => t a b c d e -> TypeRep
356 typeOf4Default x = typeOf5 x `mkAppTy` typeOf (argType x)
358 argType :: t a b c d e -> a
361 -- | Variant for 6-ary type constructors
362 class Typeable6 t where
363 typeOf6 :: t a b c d e f -> TypeRep
365 -- | For defining a 'Typeable5' instance from any 'Typeable6' instance.
366 typeOf5Default :: (Typeable6 t, Typeable a) => t a b c d e f -> TypeRep
367 typeOf5Default x = typeOf6 x `mkAppTy` typeOf (argType x)
369 argType :: t a b c d e f -> a
372 -- | Variant for 7-ary type constructors
373 class Typeable7 t where
374 typeOf7 :: t a b c d e f g -> TypeRep
376 -- | For defining a 'Typeable6' instance from any 'Typeable7' instance.
377 typeOf6Default :: (Typeable7 t, Typeable a) => t a b c d e f g -> TypeRep
378 typeOf6Default x = typeOf7 x `mkAppTy` typeOf (argType x)
380 argType :: t a b c d e f g -> a
383 #ifdef __GLASGOW_HASKELL__
384 -- Given a @Typeable@/n/ instance for an /n/-ary type constructor,
385 -- define the instances for partial applications.
386 -- Programmers using non-GHC implementations must do this manually
387 -- for each type constructor.
388 -- (The INSTANCE_TYPEABLE/n/ macros in Typeable.h include this.)
390 -- | One Typeable instance for all Typeable1 instances
391 instance (Typeable1 s, Typeable a)
392 => Typeable (s a) where
393 typeOf = typeOfDefault
395 -- | One Typeable1 instance for all Typeable2 instances
396 instance (Typeable2 s, Typeable a)
397 => Typeable1 (s a) where
398 typeOf1 = typeOf1Default
400 -- | One Typeable2 instance for all Typeable3 instances
401 instance (Typeable3 s, Typeable a)
402 => Typeable2 (s a) where
403 typeOf2 = typeOf2Default
405 -- | One Typeable3 instance for all Typeable4 instances
406 instance (Typeable4 s, Typeable a)
407 => Typeable3 (s a) where
408 typeOf3 = typeOf3Default
410 -- | One Typeable4 instance for all Typeable5 instances
411 instance (Typeable5 s, Typeable a)
412 => Typeable4 (s a) where
413 typeOf4 = typeOf4Default
415 -- | One Typeable5 instance for all Typeable6 instances
416 instance (Typeable6 s, Typeable a)
417 => Typeable5 (s a) where
418 typeOf5 = typeOf5Default
420 -- | One Typeable6 instance for all Typeable7 instances
421 instance (Typeable7 s, Typeable a)
422 => Typeable6 (s a) where
423 typeOf6 = typeOf6Default
425 #endif /* __GLASGOW_HASKELL__ */
427 -------------------------------------------------------------
431 -------------------------------------------------------------
433 -- | The type-safe cast operation
434 cast :: (Typeable a, Typeable b) => a -> Maybe b
437 r = if typeOf x == typeOf (fromJust r)
438 then Just $ unsafeCoerce x
441 -- | A flexible variation parameterised in a type constructor
442 gcast :: (Typeable a, Typeable b) => c a -> Maybe (c b)
445 r = if typeOf (getArg x) == typeOf (getArg (fromJust r))
446 then Just $ unsafeCoerce x
452 gcast1 :: (Typeable1 t, Typeable1 t') => c (t a) -> Maybe (c (t' a))
455 r = if typeOf1 (getArg x) == typeOf1 (getArg (fromJust r))
456 then Just $ unsafeCoerce x
461 -- | Cast for * -> * -> *
462 gcast2 :: (Typeable2 t, Typeable2 t') => c (t a b) -> Maybe (c (t' a b))
465 r = if typeOf2 (getArg x) == typeOf2 (getArg (fromJust r))
466 then Just $ unsafeCoerce x
471 -------------------------------------------------------------
473 -- Instances of the Typeable classes for Prelude types
475 -------------------------------------------------------------
477 INSTANCE_TYPEABLE0((),unitTc,"()")
478 INSTANCE_TYPEABLE1([],listTc,"[]")
479 INSTANCE_TYPEABLE1(Maybe,maybeTc,"Maybe")
480 INSTANCE_TYPEABLE1(Ratio,ratioTc,"Ratio")
481 INSTANCE_TYPEABLE2(Either,eitherTc,"Either")
482 INSTANCE_TYPEABLE2((->),funTc,"->")
483 INSTANCE_TYPEABLE1(IO,ioTc,"IO")
485 #ifdef __GLASGOW_HASKELL__
488 -- Types defined in GHC.IOBase
489 INSTANCE_TYPEABLE1(MVar,mvarTc,"MVar" )
490 INSTANCE_TYPEABLE0(Exception,exceptionTc,"Exception")
491 INSTANCE_TYPEABLE0(IOException,ioExceptionTc,"IOException")
492 INSTANCE_TYPEABLE0(ArithException,arithExceptionTc,"ArithException")
493 INSTANCE_TYPEABLE0(ArrayException,arrayExceptionTc,"ArrayException")
494 INSTANCE_TYPEABLE0(AsyncException,asyncExceptionTc,"AsyncException")
496 -- Types defined in GHC.Arr
497 INSTANCE_TYPEABLE2(Array,arrayTc,"Array")
502 INSTANCE_TYPEABLE2((,),pairTc,",")
503 INSTANCE_TYPEABLE3((,,),tup3Tc,",,")
505 -- I don't think NHC has ST, STRef, STArray, ForeignPtr
506 -- but GHC and Hugs do
507 INSTANCE_TYPEABLE2(ST,stTc,"ST")
508 INSTANCE_TYPEABLE2(STRef,stRefTc,"STRef")
509 INSTANCE_TYPEABLE1(ForeignPtr,foreignPtrTc,"ForeignPtr")
510 INSTANCE_TYPEABLE3(STArray,sTArrayTc,"STArray")
514 tup4Tc = mkTyCon ",,,"
516 instance Typeable4 (,,,) where
517 typeOf4 tu = mkTyConApp tup4Tc []
520 tup5Tc = mkTyCon ",,,,"
522 instance Typeable5 (,,,,) where
523 typeOf5 tu = mkTyConApp tup5Tc []
526 tup6Tc = mkTyCon ",,,,,"
528 instance Typeable6 (,,,,,) where
529 typeOf6 tu = mkTyConApp tup6Tc []
532 tup7Tc = mkTyCon ",,,,,,"
534 instance Typeable7 (,,,,,,) where
535 typeOf7 tu = mkTyConApp tup7Tc []
538 INSTANCE_TYPEABLE1(Ptr,ptrTc,"Ptr")
539 INSTANCE_TYPEABLE1(StablePtr,stableptrTc,"StablePtr")
540 INSTANCE_TYPEABLE1(IORef,iorefTc,"IORef")
542 -------------------------------------------------------
544 -- Generate Typeable instances for standard datatypes
546 -------------------------------------------------------
548 INSTANCE_TYPEABLE0(Bool,boolTc,"Bool")
549 INSTANCE_TYPEABLE0(Char,charTc,"Char")
550 INSTANCE_TYPEABLE0(Float,floatTc,"Float")
551 INSTANCE_TYPEABLE0(Double,doubleTc,"Double")
552 INSTANCE_TYPEABLE0(Int,intTc,"Int")
554 INSTANCE_TYPEABLE0(Word,wordTc,"Word" )
556 INSTANCE_TYPEABLE0(Integer,integerTc,"Integer")
557 INSTANCE_TYPEABLE0(Ordering,orderingTc,"Ordering")
558 INSTANCE_TYPEABLE0(Handle,handleTc,"Handle")
560 INSTANCE_TYPEABLE0(Int8,int8Tc,"Int8")
561 INSTANCE_TYPEABLE0(Int16,int16Tc,"Int16")
562 INSTANCE_TYPEABLE0(Int32,int32Tc,"Int32")
563 INSTANCE_TYPEABLE0(Int64,int64Tc,"Int64")
565 INSTANCE_TYPEABLE0(Word8,word8Tc,"Word8" )
566 INSTANCE_TYPEABLE0(Word16,word16Tc,"Word16")
567 INSTANCE_TYPEABLE0(Word32,word32Tc,"Word32")
568 INSTANCE_TYPEABLE0(Word64,word64Tc,"Word64")
570 INSTANCE_TYPEABLE0(TyCon,tyconTc,"TyCon")
571 INSTANCE_TYPEABLE0(TypeRep,typeRepTc,"TypeRep")
573 #ifdef __GLASGOW_HASKELL__
574 INSTANCE_TYPEABLE0(RealWorld,realWorldTc,"RealWorld")
577 ---------------------------------------------
581 ---------------------------------------------
584 newtype Key = Key Int deriving( Eq )
587 data KeyPr = KeyPr !Key !Key deriving( Eq )
589 hashKP :: KeyPr -> Int32
590 hashKP (KeyPr (Key k1) (Key k2)) = (HT.hashInt k1 + HT.hashInt k2) `rem` HT.prime
592 data Cache = Cache { next_key :: !(IORef Key), -- Not used by GHC (calls genSym instead)
593 tc_tbl :: !(HT.HashTable String Key),
594 ap_tbl :: !(HT.HashTable KeyPr Key) }
596 {-# NOINLINE cache #-}
598 cache = unsafePerformIO $ do
599 empty_tc_tbl <- HT.new (==) HT.hashString
600 empty_ap_tbl <- HT.new (==) hashKP
601 key_loc <- newIORef (Key 1)
602 return (Cache { next_key = key_loc,
603 tc_tbl = empty_tc_tbl,
604 ap_tbl = empty_ap_tbl })
606 newKey :: IORef Key -> IO Key
607 #ifdef __GLASGOW_HASKELL__
608 newKey kloc = do i <- genSym; return (Key i)
610 newKey kloc = do { k@(Key i) <- readIORef kloc ;
611 writeIORef kloc (Key (i+1)) ;
615 #ifdef __GLASGOW_HASKELL__
616 -- In GHC we use the RTS's genSym function to get a new unique,
617 -- because in GHCi we might have two copies of the Data.Typeable
618 -- library running (one in the compiler and one in the running
619 -- program), and we need to make sure they don't share any keys.
621 -- This is really a hack. A better solution would be to centralise the
622 -- whole mutable state used by this module, i.e. both hashtables. But
623 -- the current solution solves the immediate problem, which is that
624 -- dynamics generated in one world with one type were erroneously
625 -- being recognised by the other world as having a different type.
626 foreign import ccall unsafe "genSymZh"
630 mkTyConKey :: String -> Key
632 = unsafePerformIO $ do
633 let Cache {next_key = kloc, tc_tbl = tbl} = cache
634 mb_k <- HT.lookup tbl str
637 Nothing -> do { k <- newKey kloc ;
638 HT.insert tbl str k ;
641 appKey :: Key -> Key -> Key
643 = unsafePerformIO $ do
644 let Cache {next_key = kloc, ap_tbl = tbl} = cache
645 mb_k <- HT.lookup tbl kpr
648 Nothing -> do { k <- newKey kloc ;
649 HT.insert tbl kpr k ;
654 appKeys :: Key -> [Key] -> Key
655 appKeys k ks = foldl appKey k ks