1 /* ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
3 * (c) The GHC Team, 2003-2006
7 * A Capability represent the token required to execute STG code,
8 * and all the state an OS thread/task needs to run Haskell code:
9 * its STG registers, a pointer to its TSO, a nursery etc. During
10 * STG execution, a pointer to the capabilitity is kept in a
11 * register (BaseReg; actually it is a pointer to cap->r).
13 * Only in an THREADED_RTS build will there be multiple capabilities,
14 * for non-threaded builds there is only one global capability, namely
17 * --------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
19 #include "PosixSource.h"
22 #include "Capability.h"
26 #include "sm/GC.h" // for gcWorkerThread()
30 // one global capability, this is the Capability for non-threaded
31 // builds, and for +RTS -N1
32 Capability MainCapability;
34 nat n_capabilities = 0;
35 Capability *capabilities = NULL;
37 // Holds the Capability which last became free. This is used so that
38 // an in-call has a chance of quickly finding a free Capability.
39 // Maintaining a global free list of Capabilities would require global
40 // locking, so we don't do that.
41 Capability *last_free_capability = NULL;
43 /* GC indicator, in scope for the scheduler, init'ed to false */
44 volatile StgWord waiting_for_gc = 0;
46 /* Let foreign code get the current Capability -- assuming there is one!
47 * This is useful for unsafe foreign calls because they are called with
48 * the current Capability held, but they are not passed it. For example,
49 * see see the integer-gmp package which calls allocateLocal() in its
50 * stgAllocForGMP() function (which gets called by gmp functions).
52 Capability * rts_unsafeGetMyCapability (void)
54 #if defined(THREADED_RTS)
57 return &MainCapability;
61 #if defined(THREADED_RTS)
65 return sched_state >= SCHED_INTERRUPTING
66 || recent_activity == ACTIVITY_INACTIVE; // need to check for deadlock
70 #if defined(THREADED_RTS)
72 findSpark (Capability *cap)
79 if (!emptyRunQueue(cap) || cap->returning_tasks_hd != NULL) {
80 // If there are other threads, don't try to run any new
81 // sparks: sparks might be speculative, we don't want to take
82 // resources away from the main computation.
89 // first try to get a spark from our own pool.
90 // We should be using reclaimSpark(), because it works without
91 // needing any atomic instructions:
92 // spark = reclaimSpark(cap->sparks);
93 // However, measurements show that this makes at least one benchmark
94 // slower (prsa) and doesn't affect the others.
95 spark = tryStealSpark(cap);
97 cap->sparks_converted++;
99 // Post event for running a spark from capability's own pool.
100 traceEventRunSpark(cap, cap->r.rCurrentTSO);
104 if (!emptySparkPoolCap(cap)) {
108 if (n_capabilities == 1) { return NULL; } // makes no sense...
110 debugTrace(DEBUG_sched,
111 "cap %d: Trying to steal work from other capabilities",
114 /* visit cap.s 0..n-1 in sequence until a theft succeeds. We could
115 start at a random place instead of 0 as well. */
116 for ( i=0 ; i < n_capabilities ; i++ ) {
117 robbed = &capabilities[i];
118 if (cap == robbed) // ourselves...
121 if (emptySparkPoolCap(robbed)) // nothing to steal here
124 spark = tryStealSpark(robbed);
125 if (spark == NULL && !emptySparkPoolCap(robbed)) {
126 // we conflicted with another thread while trying to steal;
132 cap->sparks_converted++;
134 traceEventStealSpark(cap, cap->r.rCurrentTSO, robbed->no);
138 // otherwise: no success, try next one
142 debugTrace(DEBUG_sched, "No sparks stolen");
146 // Returns True if any spark pool is non-empty at this moment in time
147 // The result is only valid for an instant, of course, so in a sense
148 // is immediately invalid, and should not be relied upon for
155 for (i=0; i < n_capabilities; i++) {
156 if (!emptySparkPoolCap(&capabilities[i])) {
164 /* -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
165 * Manage the returning_tasks lists.
167 * These functions require cap->lock
168 * -------------------------------------------------------------------------- */
170 #if defined(THREADED_RTS)
172 newReturningTask (Capability *cap, Task *task)
174 ASSERT_LOCK_HELD(&cap->lock);
175 ASSERT(task->next == NULL);
176 if (cap->returning_tasks_hd) {
177 ASSERT(cap->returning_tasks_tl->next == NULL);
178 cap->returning_tasks_tl->next = task;
180 cap->returning_tasks_hd = task;
182 cap->returning_tasks_tl = task;
186 popReturningTask (Capability *cap)
188 ASSERT_LOCK_HELD(&cap->lock);
190 task = cap->returning_tasks_hd;
192 cap->returning_tasks_hd = task->next;
193 if (!cap->returning_tasks_hd) {
194 cap->returning_tasks_tl = NULL;
201 /* ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
204 * The Capability is initially marked not free.
205 * ------------------------------------------------------------------------- */
208 initCapability( Capability *cap, nat i )
213 cap->in_haskell = rtsFalse;
215 cap->run_queue_hd = END_TSO_QUEUE;
216 cap->run_queue_tl = END_TSO_QUEUE;
218 #if defined(THREADED_RTS)
219 initMutex(&cap->lock);
220 cap->running_task = NULL; // indicates cap is free
221 cap->spare_workers = NULL;
222 cap->n_spare_workers = 0;
223 cap->suspended_ccalls = NULL;
224 cap->returning_tasks_hd = NULL;
225 cap->returning_tasks_tl = NULL;
226 cap->inbox = (Message*)END_TSO_QUEUE;
227 cap->sparks_created = 0;
229 cap->sparks_converted = 0;
231 cap->sparks_fizzled = 0;
234 cap->f.stgEagerBlackholeInfo = (W_)&__stg_EAGER_BLACKHOLE_info;
235 cap->f.stgGCEnter1 = (StgFunPtr)__stg_gc_enter_1;
236 cap->f.stgGCFun = (StgFunPtr)__stg_gc_fun;
238 cap->mut_lists = stgMallocBytes(sizeof(bdescr *) *
239 RtsFlags.GcFlags.generations,
241 cap->saved_mut_lists = stgMallocBytes(sizeof(bdescr *) *
242 RtsFlags.GcFlags.generations,
245 for (g = 0; g < RtsFlags.GcFlags.generations; g++) {
246 cap->mut_lists[g] = NULL;
249 cap->free_tvar_watch_queues = END_STM_WATCH_QUEUE;
250 cap->free_invariant_check_queues = END_INVARIANT_CHECK_QUEUE;
251 cap->free_trec_chunks = END_STM_CHUNK_LIST;
252 cap->free_trec_headers = NO_TREC;
253 cap->transaction_tokens = 0;
254 cap->context_switch = 0;
255 cap->pinned_object_block = NULL;
258 /* ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
259 * Function: initCapabilities()
261 * Purpose: set up the Capability handling. For the THREADED_RTS build,
262 * we keep a table of them, the size of which is
263 * controlled by the user via the RTS flag -N.
265 * ------------------------------------------------------------------------- */
267 initCapabilities( void )
269 #if defined(THREADED_RTS)
273 // We can't support multiple CPUs if BaseReg is not a register
274 if (RtsFlags.ParFlags.nNodes > 1) {
275 errorBelch("warning: multiple CPUs not supported in this build, reverting to 1");
276 RtsFlags.ParFlags.nNodes = 1;
280 n_capabilities = RtsFlags.ParFlags.nNodes;
282 if (n_capabilities == 1) {
283 capabilities = &MainCapability;
284 // THREADED_RTS must work on builds that don't have a mutable
285 // BaseReg (eg. unregisterised), so in this case
286 // capabilities[0] must coincide with &MainCapability.
288 capabilities = stgMallocBytes(n_capabilities * sizeof(Capability),
292 for (i = 0; i < n_capabilities; i++) {
293 initCapability(&capabilities[i], i);
296 debugTrace(DEBUG_sched, "allocated %d capabilities", n_capabilities);
298 #else /* !THREADED_RTS */
301 capabilities = &MainCapability;
302 initCapability(&MainCapability, 0);
306 // There are no free capabilities to begin with. We will start
307 // a worker Task to each Capability, which will quickly put the
308 // Capability on the free list when it finds nothing to do.
309 last_free_capability = &capabilities[0];
312 /* ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
313 * setContextSwitches: cause all capabilities to context switch as
315 * ------------------------------------------------------------------------- */
317 void setContextSwitches(void)
320 for (i=0; i < n_capabilities; i++) {
321 contextSwitchCapability(&capabilities[i]);
325 /* ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
326 * Give a Capability to a Task. The task must currently be sleeping
327 * on its condition variable.
329 * Requires cap->lock (modifies cap->running_task).
331 * When migrating a Task, the migrater must take task->lock before
332 * modifying task->cap, to synchronise with the waking up Task.
333 * Additionally, the migrater should own the Capability (when
334 * migrating the run queue), or cap->lock (when migrating
335 * returning_workers).
337 * ------------------------------------------------------------------------- */
339 #if defined(THREADED_RTS)
341 giveCapabilityToTask (Capability *cap USED_IF_DEBUG, Task *task)
343 ASSERT_LOCK_HELD(&cap->lock);
344 ASSERT(task->cap == cap);
345 debugTrace(DEBUG_sched, "passing capability %d to %s %p",
346 cap->no, task->incall->tso ? "bound task" : "worker",
348 ACQUIRE_LOCK(&task->lock);
349 task->wakeup = rtsTrue;
350 // the wakeup flag is needed because signalCondition() doesn't
351 // flag the condition if the thread is already runniing, but we want
353 signalCondition(&task->cond);
354 RELEASE_LOCK(&task->lock);
358 /* ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
359 * Function: releaseCapability(Capability*)
361 * Purpose: Letting go of a capability. Causes a
362 * 'returning worker' thread or a 'waiting worker'
363 * to wake up, in that order.
364 * ------------------------------------------------------------------------- */
366 #if defined(THREADED_RTS)
368 releaseCapability_ (Capability* cap,
369 rtsBool always_wakeup)
373 task = cap->running_task;
375 ASSERT_PARTIAL_CAPABILITY_INVARIANTS(cap,task);
377 cap->running_task = NULL;
379 // Check to see whether a worker thread can be given
380 // the go-ahead to return the result of an external call..
381 if (cap->returning_tasks_hd != NULL) {
382 giveCapabilityToTask(cap,cap->returning_tasks_hd);
383 // The Task pops itself from the queue (see waitForReturnCapability())
387 if (waiting_for_gc == PENDING_GC_SEQ) {
388 last_free_capability = cap; // needed?
389 debugTrace(DEBUG_sched, "GC pending, set capability %d free", cap->no);
394 // If the next thread on the run queue is a bound thread,
395 // give this Capability to the appropriate Task.
396 if (!emptyRunQueue(cap) && cap->run_queue_hd->bound) {
397 // Make sure we're not about to try to wake ourselves up
398 // ASSERT(task != cap->run_queue_hd->bound);
399 // assertion is false: in schedule() we force a yield after
400 // ThreadBlocked, but the thread may be back on the run queue
402 task = cap->run_queue_hd->bound->task;
403 giveCapabilityToTask(cap,task);
407 if (!cap->spare_workers) {
408 // Create a worker thread if we don't have one. If the system
409 // is interrupted, we only create a worker task if there
410 // are threads that need to be completed. If the system is
411 // shutting down, we never create a new worker.
412 if (sched_state < SCHED_SHUTTING_DOWN || !emptyRunQueue(cap)) {
413 debugTrace(DEBUG_sched,
414 "starting new worker on capability %d", cap->no);
415 startWorkerTask(cap);
420 // If we have an unbound thread on the run queue, or if there's
421 // anything else to do, give the Capability to a worker thread.
423 !emptyRunQueue(cap) || !emptyInbox(cap) ||
424 !emptySparkPoolCap(cap) || globalWorkToDo()) {
425 if (cap->spare_workers) {
426 giveCapabilityToTask(cap,cap->spare_workers);
427 // The worker Task pops itself from the queue;
432 last_free_capability = cap;
433 debugTrace(DEBUG_sched, "freeing capability %d", cap->no);
437 releaseCapability (Capability* cap USED_IF_THREADS)
439 ACQUIRE_LOCK(&cap->lock);
440 releaseCapability_(cap, rtsFalse);
441 RELEASE_LOCK(&cap->lock);
445 releaseAndWakeupCapability (Capability* cap USED_IF_THREADS)
447 ACQUIRE_LOCK(&cap->lock);
448 releaseCapability_(cap, rtsTrue);
449 RELEASE_LOCK(&cap->lock);
453 releaseCapabilityAndQueueWorker (Capability* cap USED_IF_THREADS)
457 ACQUIRE_LOCK(&cap->lock);
459 task = cap->running_task;
461 // If the Task is stopped, we shouldn't be yielding, we should
463 ASSERT(!task->stopped);
465 // If the current task is a worker, save it on the spare_workers
466 // list of this Capability. A worker can mark itself as stopped,
467 // in which case it is not replaced on the spare_worker queue.
468 // This happens when the system is shutting down (see
469 // Schedule.c:workerStart()).
470 if (!isBoundTask(task))
472 if (cap->n_spare_workers < MAX_SPARE_WORKERS)
474 task->next = cap->spare_workers;
475 cap->spare_workers = task;
476 cap->n_spare_workers++;
480 debugTrace(DEBUG_sched, "%d spare workers already, exiting",
481 cap->n_spare_workers);
482 releaseCapability_(cap,rtsFalse);
483 // hold the lock until after workerTaskStop; c.f. scheduleWorker()
484 workerTaskStop(task);
485 RELEASE_LOCK(&cap->lock);
489 // Bound tasks just float around attached to their TSOs.
491 releaseCapability_(cap,rtsFalse);
493 RELEASE_LOCK(&cap->lock);
497 /* ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
498 * waitForReturnCapability( Task *task )
500 * Purpose: when an OS thread returns from an external call,
501 * it calls waitForReturnCapability() (via Schedule.resumeThread())
502 * to wait for permission to enter the RTS & communicate the
503 * result of the external call back to the Haskell thread that
506 * ------------------------------------------------------------------------- */
508 waitForReturnCapability (Capability **pCap, Task *task)
510 #if !defined(THREADED_RTS)
512 MainCapability.running_task = task;
513 task->cap = &MainCapability;
514 *pCap = &MainCapability;
517 Capability *cap = *pCap;
520 // Try last_free_capability first
521 cap = last_free_capability;
522 if (cap->running_task) {
524 // otherwise, search for a free capability
526 for (i = 0; i < n_capabilities; i++) {
527 if (!capabilities[i].running_task) {
528 cap = &capabilities[i];
533 // Can't find a free one, use last_free_capability.
534 cap = last_free_capability;
538 // record the Capability as the one this Task is now assocated with.
542 ASSERT(task->cap == cap);
545 ACQUIRE_LOCK(&cap->lock);
547 debugTrace(DEBUG_sched, "returning; I want capability %d", cap->no);
549 if (!cap->running_task) {
550 // It's free; just grab it
551 cap->running_task = task;
552 RELEASE_LOCK(&cap->lock);
554 newReturningTask(cap,task);
555 RELEASE_LOCK(&cap->lock);
558 ACQUIRE_LOCK(&task->lock);
559 // task->lock held, cap->lock not held
560 if (!task->wakeup) waitCondition(&task->cond, &task->lock);
562 task->wakeup = rtsFalse;
563 RELEASE_LOCK(&task->lock);
565 // now check whether we should wake up...
566 ACQUIRE_LOCK(&cap->lock);
567 if (cap->running_task == NULL) {
568 if (cap->returning_tasks_hd != task) {
569 giveCapabilityToTask(cap,cap->returning_tasks_hd);
570 RELEASE_LOCK(&cap->lock);
573 cap->running_task = task;
574 popReturningTask(cap);
575 RELEASE_LOCK(&cap->lock);
578 RELEASE_LOCK(&cap->lock);
583 ASSERT_FULL_CAPABILITY_INVARIANTS(cap,task);
585 debugTrace(DEBUG_sched, "resuming capability %d", cap->no);
591 #if defined(THREADED_RTS)
592 /* ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
594 * ------------------------------------------------------------------------- */
597 yieldCapability (Capability** pCap, Task *task)
599 Capability *cap = *pCap;
601 if (waiting_for_gc == PENDING_GC_PAR) {
602 traceEventGcStart(cap);
604 traceEventGcEnd(cap);
608 debugTrace(DEBUG_sched, "giving up capability %d", cap->no);
610 // We must now release the capability and wait to be woken up
612 task->wakeup = rtsFalse;
613 releaseCapabilityAndQueueWorker(cap);
616 ACQUIRE_LOCK(&task->lock);
617 // task->lock held, cap->lock not held
618 if (!task->wakeup) waitCondition(&task->cond, &task->lock);
620 task->wakeup = rtsFalse;
621 RELEASE_LOCK(&task->lock);
623 debugTrace(DEBUG_sched, "woken up on capability %d", cap->no);
625 ACQUIRE_LOCK(&cap->lock);
626 if (cap->running_task != NULL) {
627 debugTrace(DEBUG_sched,
628 "capability %d is owned by another task", cap->no);
629 RELEASE_LOCK(&cap->lock);
633 if (task->incall->tso == NULL) {
634 ASSERT(cap->spare_workers != NULL);
635 // if we're not at the front of the queue, release it
636 // again. This is unlikely to happen.
637 if (cap->spare_workers != task) {
638 giveCapabilityToTask(cap,cap->spare_workers);
639 RELEASE_LOCK(&cap->lock);
642 cap->spare_workers = task->next;
644 cap->n_spare_workers--;
646 cap->running_task = task;
647 RELEASE_LOCK(&cap->lock);
651 debugTrace(DEBUG_sched, "resuming capability %d", cap->no);
652 ASSERT(cap->running_task == task);
656 ASSERT_FULL_CAPABILITY_INVARIANTS(cap,task);
661 /* ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
664 * If a Capability is currently idle, wake up a Task on it. Used to
665 * get every Capability into the GC.
666 * ------------------------------------------------------------------------- */
669 prodCapability (Capability *cap, Task *task)
671 ACQUIRE_LOCK(&cap->lock);
672 if (!cap->running_task) {
673 cap->running_task = task;
674 releaseCapability_(cap,rtsTrue);
676 RELEASE_LOCK(&cap->lock);
679 /* ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
682 * Attempt to gain control of a Capability if it is free.
684 * ------------------------------------------------------------------------- */
687 tryGrabCapability (Capability *cap, Task *task)
689 if (cap->running_task != NULL) return rtsFalse;
690 ACQUIRE_LOCK(&cap->lock);
691 if (cap->running_task != NULL) {
692 RELEASE_LOCK(&cap->lock);
696 cap->running_task = task;
697 RELEASE_LOCK(&cap->lock);
702 #endif /* THREADED_RTS */
704 /* ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
707 * At shutdown time, we want to let everything exit as cleanly as
708 * possible. For each capability, we let its run queue drain, and
709 * allow the workers to stop.
711 * This function should be called when interrupted and
712 * shutting_down_scheduler = rtsTrue, thus any worker that wakes up
713 * will exit the scheduler and call taskStop(), and any bound thread
714 * that wakes up will return to its caller. Runnable threads are
717 * ------------------------------------------------------------------------- */
720 shutdownCapability (Capability *cap USED_IF_THREADS, Task *task USED_IF_THREADS, rtsBool safe USED_IF_THREADS)
722 #if defined(THREADED_RTS)
727 // Loop indefinitely until all the workers have exited and there
728 // are no Haskell threads left. We used to bail out after 50
729 // iterations of this loop, but that occasionally left a worker
730 // running which caused problems later (the closeMutex() below
731 // isn't safe, for one thing).
733 for (i = 0; /* i < 50 */; i++) {
734 ASSERT(sched_state == SCHED_SHUTTING_DOWN);
736 debugTrace(DEBUG_sched,
737 "shutting down capability %d, attempt %d", cap->no, i);
738 ACQUIRE_LOCK(&cap->lock);
739 if (cap->running_task) {
740 RELEASE_LOCK(&cap->lock);
741 debugTrace(DEBUG_sched, "not owner, yielding");
745 cap->running_task = task;
747 if (cap->spare_workers) {
748 // Look for workers that have died without removing
749 // themselves from the list; this could happen if the OS
750 // summarily killed the thread, for example. This
751 // actually happens on Windows when the system is
752 // terminating the program, and the RTS is running in a
756 for (t = cap->spare_workers; t != NULL; t = t->next) {
757 if (!osThreadIsAlive(t->id)) {
758 debugTrace(DEBUG_sched,
759 "worker thread %p has died unexpectedly", (void *)t->id);
760 cap->n_spare_workers--;
762 cap->spare_workers = t->next;
764 prev->next = t->next;
771 if (!emptyRunQueue(cap) || cap->spare_workers) {
772 debugTrace(DEBUG_sched,
773 "runnable threads or workers still alive, yielding");
774 releaseCapability_(cap,rtsFalse); // this will wake up a worker
775 RELEASE_LOCK(&cap->lock);
780 // If "safe", then busy-wait for any threads currently doing
781 // foreign calls. If we're about to unload this DLL, for
782 // example, we need to be sure that there are no OS threads
783 // that will try to return to code that has been unloaded.
784 // We can be a bit more relaxed when this is a standalone
785 // program that is about to terminate, and let safe=false.
786 if (cap->suspended_ccalls && safe) {
787 debugTrace(DEBUG_sched,
788 "thread(s) are involved in foreign calls, yielding");
789 cap->running_task = NULL;
790 RELEASE_LOCK(&cap->lock);
791 // The IO manager thread might have been slow to start up,
792 // so the first attempt to kill it might not have
793 // succeeded. Just in case, try again - the kill message
794 // will only be sent once.
796 // To reproduce this deadlock: run ffi002(threaded1)
797 // repeatedly on a loaded machine.
803 traceEventShutdown(cap);
804 RELEASE_LOCK(&cap->lock);
807 // we now have the Capability, its run queue and spare workers
808 // list are both empty.
810 // ToDo: we can't drop this mutex, because there might still be
811 // threads performing foreign calls that will eventually try to
812 // return via resumeThread() and attempt to grab cap->lock.
813 // closeMutex(&cap->lock);
815 #endif /* THREADED_RTS */
819 shutdownCapabilities(Task *task, rtsBool safe)
822 for (i=0; i < n_capabilities; i++) {
823 ASSERT(task->incall->tso == NULL);
824 shutdownCapability(&capabilities[i], task, safe);
829 freeCapability (Capability *cap)
831 stgFree(cap->mut_lists);
832 stgFree(cap->saved_mut_lists);
833 #if defined(THREADED_RTS)
834 freeSparkPool(cap->sparks);
839 freeCapabilities (void)
841 #if defined(THREADED_RTS)
843 for (i=0; i < n_capabilities; i++) {
844 freeCapability(&capabilities[i]);
847 freeCapability(&MainCapability);
851 /* ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
852 Mark everything directly reachable from the Capabilities. When
853 using multiple GC threads, each GC thread marks all Capabilities
854 for which (c `mod` n == 0), for Capability c and thread n.
855 ------------------------------------------------------------------------ */
858 markCapability (evac_fn evac, void *user, Capability *cap,
859 rtsBool no_mark_sparks USED_IF_THREADS)
863 // Each GC thread is responsible for following roots from the
864 // Capability of the same number. There will usually be the same
865 // or fewer Capabilities as GC threads, but just in case there
866 // are more, we mark every Capability whose number is the GC
867 // thread's index plus a multiple of the number of GC threads.
868 evac(user, (StgClosure **)(void *)&cap->run_queue_hd);
869 evac(user, (StgClosure **)(void *)&cap->run_queue_tl);
870 #if defined(THREADED_RTS)
871 evac(user, (StgClosure **)(void *)&cap->inbox);
873 for (incall = cap->suspended_ccalls; incall != NULL;
874 incall=incall->next) {
875 evac(user, (StgClosure **)(void *)&incall->suspended_tso);
878 #if defined(THREADED_RTS)
879 if (!no_mark_sparks) {
880 traverseSparkQueue (evac, user, cap);
884 // Free STM structures for this Capability
889 markCapabilities (evac_fn evac, void *user)
892 for (n = 0; n < n_capabilities; n++) {
893 markCapability(evac, user, &capabilities[n], rtsFalse);