revise startCounters()

[fleet.git] / doc / archman.tex

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\title{The FleetTwo Architecture Manual\\{\normalsize A Programmer's View of FleetTwo}}
\begin{document}
\maketitle

\begin{thebibliography}{[GDG01]}
\bibitem[IES02]{ies02}
  Sutherland, Ivan,
  \href{http://research.cs.berkeley.edu/class/fleet/docs/people/ivan.e.sutherland/ies02-FLEET-A.Once.Instruction.Computer.pdf}{\it UCB-IES02: Fleet -- A One Instruction Computer}
\bibitem[IES14]{ies14}
  Sutherland, Ivan,
  \href{http://research.cs.berkeley.edu/class/fleet/docs/people/ivan.e.sutherland/ies14-Fleet.Definition.pdf}{\it UCB-IES14: The Fleet Definition}
\bibitem[AM17]{am17}
  Megacz, Adam,
  \href{http://research.cs.berkeley.edu/class/fleet/docs/people/adam.megacz/am17-The.Choice.Ship.pdf}{\it UCB-AM17: The Choice Ship}
\bibitem[IES44]{ies44}
  Sutherland, Ivan,
  \href{http://research.cs.berkeley.edu/class/fleet/docs/people/ivan.e.sutherland/ies44-Fleet.Definition.pdf}{\it UCB-IES44: The Fleet Definition}
\bibitem[AM25]{am25}
  Megacz, Adam,
  \href{http://research.cs.berkeley.edu/class/fleet/docs/people/adam.megacz/am25.pdf}{\it UCB-AM25: Opcode Ports}
\bibitem[AM27]{am27}
  Megacz, Adam,
  \href{http://research.cs.berkeley.edu/class/fleet/docs/people/adam.megacz/am27.pdf}{\it UCB-AM27: Bypass Paths}
\bibitem[IES31]{ies31}
  Sutherland, Ivan,
  \href{http://research.cs.berkeley.edu/class/fleet/docs/people/ivan.e.sutherland/ies31-Some.SHIPs.pdf}{\it UCB-IES31: Some Ships}
\bibitem[MS68]{WheelOfReincarnation}
  Myer, T. and Sutherland, Ivan, {\it On the Design of Display Processors}
  Communications of the ACM, Vol 11, No. 6, June 1968 .
\end{thebibliography}

\vspace{1cm}
\begin{abstract}
This manual attempts to detail all those aspects of Fleet which are
visible to a software programmer or compiler backend.

This document assumes that the reader is broadly familiar with the
Fleet architecture and the motivation behind it.  For a far better
introduction to these topics, the reader is referred to \cite{ies02}
\cite{ies14} and \cite{ies44}.  Please bear in mind that many of the
details in these documents have been changed, but they still serve as
the authoritative introduction to the architecture.  After reviewing
these introductory papers, the reader is invited to digest this
architecture manual for the latest information on the details
necessary to write software and compilers for Fleet.
\end{abstract}


%\vfill
%\fbox{\parbox{5in}{\footnotesize
%\begin{center}
%The software described in this memo may be obtained using
%\href{http://www.darcs.net/}{\tt darcs}, with the command:
%
%{\tt darcs get http://research.cs.berkeley.edu/class/fleet/repos/fleet/}
%\end{center}
%}}

\pagebreak
\tableofcontents

\pagebreak
\section{Introduction (from \cite{ies02})}

During the past two and a half years, the Fleet architecture has gone
through massive changes and improvements.  Nonetheless, the
fundamental vision remains unchanged.  As Sutherland writes in the
original Berkeley Fleet description \cite{ies02},

{\it
When computers were new, logic and storage were expensive and wires
were relatively cheap.  Early computer designers avoided using logic
wherever possible but were not greatly concerned with communication.
They made design choices consistent with the costs of the day.  My
favorite example is the jump instruction.  Early designers put jump
instructions at the end of each block of code to avoid the expense of
storing the address of the next block while executing the present one.

Today's chip fabrication methods invert the older cost balance.  In
today's integrated circuits logic and memory are now almost free but
communication costs dominate chip area, energy consumption and delay.
In spite of these changes in the stuff from which we make computers,
vestiges of the past remain in many of today's common microprocessor
designs.  For example, jump instructions still appear at the end of
each basic block of code in spite of the need to pre-fetch the next
block while executing this one.  It seems better today to store a
pointer to the next block and the length of the current block early in
each block of code.

Instead of following the path of history, I'd like to listen carefully
to what modern chip structures have to teach about how one might build
a modern computer.  I see three major lessons.  First, simplicity can
reduce cost.  Second, moving data will consume most of the time,
energy and chip area of a modern computer. And third, the low cost of
logic makes concurrency available if we can figure out how to use it.

\begin{itemize}

\item {\bf Simplicity}: The Fleet architecture seeks simplicity by treating
      all processing devices alike...

\item {\bf Communication}: The Fleet architecture seeks to control the
      cost of communication by putting it under direct programmer
      control.  Thus Fleet avoids instructions like {\sc ADD} or {\sc STORE} that
      include concealed communication to and from a register file...

\item {\bf Concurrency}: The Fleet architecture assumes concurrency
      nearly everywhere...

\item {\bf Asynchrony}: This provides enormous flexibility for
      implementers to improve the performance or reduce the cost of
      the processing devices in a Fleet system.  -- Synchronous
      implementations both of ships and of the switch fabric are
      possible provided they use validity or occupancy bits to achieve
      the arbitrary delays required at sources and destinations...

\end{itemize}
}


\pagebreak
\section{The Programmer's View of The Ship-Fabric Interface}

The role of the Fleet switch fabric is to carry {\it packets} from
{\it sources} to {\it destinations}.

A packet consists of a {\it path} and a {\it payload}.  The path is
some string of bits which tells the switch fabric how to route from
the desired source to the desired destination.  The distinction
between a {\it path} and a {\it destination} is extremely important!
The payload is either a {\it token} or a {\it data item}.  If the
payload is a data item, it includes one machine word of data.

The diagram below represents a {\it programmer's} conceptual view of
the interface between ships and the switch fabric.  Actual
implementation circuitry may differ substantially.  Sources and
destinations which can send and receive only tokens -- not data items
-- are drawn as dashed lines.

\vspace{0.3cm}
\begin{center}
\epsfig{file=ports,width=4in}
\end{center}
\vspace{0.3cm}

The term {\it port} refers to an interface to the ship, the {\it
  dock} connecting it to the switch fabric, and the corresponding
sources and destinations on the switch fabric.

Each dock consists of a {\it data latch}, which is as wide as a
single machine word and a {\it pump}, which is a circular fifo of
instruction-width latches.  The values in the instruction fifo
control the data latch, as future chapters will explain.

Note that the pump in each dock has a destination of its own, and
that there is no buffering fifo guarding this destination.  Note that
all other destinations are guarded by a buffering fifo; the size of
this fifo is exposed to the software programmer so she can avoid
deadlock.


\pagebreak
\section{Data Formats}

\subsection{Path (12 bits)}

These bits appear physically within the switch fabric. \footnote{In
  the Sun Labs implementation, these bits have ``address bit
  timing.''}  The {\tt T} bit is the ``tokenhood'' bit; if set, this
packet represents a token\footnote{In the Sun Labs
  implementation, this bit inhibits the switch fabric data latches
  from firing.}

{\tt\footnotesize
\begin{bytefield}{49}
  \bitheader[b]{37,47,48}\\
  \bitbox{1}{T} 
  \bitbox{11}{Path} 
  \bitbox[l]{37}{} 
\end{bytefield}
}

\subsection{Data Word In Memory (37 bits)}

A word of data is 37 bits wide.

{\tt\footnotesize
\begin{bytefield}{49}
  \bitheader[b]{0,36}\\
  \bitbox[r]{12}{}
  \bitbox{37}{Data Word} 
\end{bytefield}
}

\subsection{Packet In Flight (49 bits)}

{\tt\footnotesize
\begin{bytefield}{49}
  \bitheader[b]{0,36,37,47,48}\\
  \bitbox{1}{T} 
  \bitbox{11}{Path} 
  \bitbox{37}{Data Word} 
\end{bytefield}
}

\subsection{Instruction In Memory (37 bits)}

An instruction must be no wider than a memory word.  The next section
explains the bits in greater detail.  The {\tt Instruction Path} is
the path which the instruction itself will take in order to arrive at
the desired pump destination.  The {\it Data/Token Path} is placed on
any packet inserted into the switch fabric as a result of executing
the instruction.

{\tt\tiny
\begin{bytefield}{49}
  \bitheader[b]{0,6,7,17,18-26,36}\\
  \bitbox[r]{12}{}
  \bitbox{11}{Instruction Path}
  \bitbox{1}{1} 
  \bitbox{1}{Ti} 
  \bitbox{1}{Di} 
  \bitbox{1}{Dc} 
  \bitbox{1}{Do} 
  \bitbox{1}{To} 
  \bitbox{1}{Ig} 
  \bitbox{1}{Rq} 
  \bitbox{11}{Data/Token Path} 
  \bitbox{7}{Count} 
\end{bytefield}
}

\subsection{Instruction Packet In Flight (49 bits)}

Note that Fleet simply copies the {\tt Instruction Path} field, bit
for bit, into the packet {\tt Path} field in order to ``dispatch'' an
instruction.

{\tt\tiny
\begin{bytefield}{49}
  \bitheader[b]{0,6,7,17,18-25,37,47,48}\\
  \bitbox[r]{1}{0} 
  \bitbox{11}{Instruction Path}
  \bitbox{11}{Instruction Path}
  \bitbox{1}{1} 
  \bitbox{1}{Ti} 
  \bitbox{1}{Di} 
  \bitbox{1}{Dc} 
  \bitbox{1}{Do} 
  \bitbox{1}{To} 
  \bitbox{1}{Ig} 
  \bitbox{1}{Rq} 
  \bitbox{11}{Data/Token Path} 
  \bitbox{7}{Count} 
\end{bytefield}
}

\setlength{\bitwidth}{5mm}
\pagebreak

\section{Instruction Formats}
\begin{wrapfigure}{R}{2in}
\epsfig{file=locations,width=2in}
\vspace{-0.4in}
\end{wrapfigure}
Within the pump's instruction fifo, there are two points of particular
interest.  The first point is the {\it insertion point}, which is the
point in the ring where new instructions enter from the switch fabric.
The other point of interest is the {\it execution point}, which is the
point in the ring where instructions other than {\tt kill} and {\tt
  unclog} are performed.

The programmer may assume that the insertion point is the immediate
successor of the execution point.

\vspace{0.3cm}
{\bf Kill}
\addcontentsline{toc}{subsection}{Kill}

{\tt
\begin{bytefield}{26}
  \bitheader[b]{0,6,7,20-25}\\
  \bitbox{1}{0} 
  \bitbox{1}{0} 
  \bitbox{1}{1} 
  \bitbox{1}{0} 
  \bitbox{1}{1} 
  \bitbox{14}{don't care}
  \bitbox{7}{Count} 
\end{bytefield}}
When a {\tt kill} instruction reaches the insertion point, it will
wait there for a non-{\tt clog} instruction to reach the execution
point.  When this occurs, the instruction at the execution point is
retired and the count field of the {\tt kill} instruction is
decremented.  If the {\tt kill} instruction's count was {\tt 0} before
decrementing, the {\tt kill} instruction is retired.  The programmer
is assured that a kill instruction with a count of $n$ will kill $n+1$
{\it consecutive} instructions.

\vspace{0.3cm}
{\bf Clog}
\addcontentsline{toc}{subsection}{Clog}

{\tt
\begin{bytefield}{26}
  \bitheader[b]{0,20-25}\\
  \bitbox{1}{0} 
  \bitbox{1}{0} 
  \bitbox{1}{1} 
  \bitbox{1}{0} 
  \bitbox{1}{0} 
  \bitbox{21}{don't care}
\end{bytefield}}
When a {\tt clog} instruction reaches the execution point, it remains
there and no more instructions will be executed until an {\tt unclog}
is performed.

\vspace{0.3cm}
{\bf UnClog}
\addcontentsline{toc}{subsection}{UnClog}

{\tt
\begin{bytefield}{26}
  \bitheader[b]{0,20-25}\\
  \bitbox{1}{0} 
  \bitbox{1}{0} 
  \bitbox{1}{0} 
  \bitbox{1}{1} 
  \bitbox{1}{0} 
  \bitbox{21}{don't care}
\end{bytefield}}
When an {\tt unclog} instruction reaches the insertion point, it will wait
there until a {\tt clog} instruction is at the execution point.  When
this occurs, both instructions retire.

\vspace{0.3cm}
{\bf Literal}
\addcontentsline{toc}{subsection}{Literal}

{\tt
\begin{bytefield}{26}
  \bitheader[b]{0,6,7,23-25}\\
  \bitbox{1}{0} 
  \bitbox{1}{1} 
  \bitbox{17}{Literal}
  \bitbox{7}{Count} 
\end{bytefield}}
When a literal instruction reaches the execution point, its {\tt
  Literal} field is sign-extended to a full word length and captured
in the data latch.


\pagebreak
{\bf Normal Instruction}
\addcontentsline{toc}{subsection}{Normal Instruction}

{\tt
\begin{bytefield}{26}
  \bitheader[b]{0,6,7,16-25}\\
  \bitbox{1}{1} 
  \bitbox{1}{Ti} 
  \bitbox{1}{Di} 
  \bitbox{1}{Dc} 
  \bitbox{1}{Do} 
  \bitbox{1}{To} 
  \bitbox{1}{Ig} 
  \bitbox{1}{Rq} 
  \bitbox{11}{Dest} 
  \bitbox{7}{Count} 
\end{bytefield}
}

\footnoteremember{tidi}{{\tt Ti}=1,{\tt Di}=1 is invalid on input port.}
\footnoteremember{didc}{Note that {\tt Di}=0,{\tt Dc}=1
                 is meaningless and therefore reserved for other
                 uses.}
\footnoteremember{todo}{ {\tt To}=1,{\tt Do}=1 have special meaning on an output port.}
\footnoteremember{toig}{{\tt To}=0,{\tt Ig}=1 is invalid}
\begin{itemize}
  \item [\tt Ti] ({\bf Token Input}) wait for a token and acknowledge it.

  \item [\tt Di] ({\bf Data Input}) wait for a datum and acknowledge it.
                 \footnoterecall{tidi}\footnoterecall{didc}

  \item [\tt Dc] ({\bf Data Capture}) capture (latch) the accepted
                 datum in the data latch.  This bit is ignored if the incoming packet is
                 a token. \footnoterecall{didc}

  \item [\tt Do] ({\bf Data Output}) emit a datum.\footnoterecall{todo}

  \item [\tt To] ({\bf Token Output}) emit a token.\footnoterecall{todo}\footnoterecall{toig}

  \item [\tt Ig] ({\bf Ignore {\tt To} Until Last Iteration}) ignore
                 the {\tt To} bit unless {\tt Count=0}\footnoterecall{toig}

  \item [\tt Rq] ({\bf ReQueue}) if set, instructions having nonzero
                 count are ``Re-Queued'' rather than RePeated.  See
                 {\tt Count} for more detail. \footnote{ An
                 instruction {\it in memory} may not have {\tt
                 Rq=1,Count=0} (use {\tt Rq=0,Count=0})}

  \item  [\tt Count] ({\bf Count}) {\it After} executing:
\begin{verbatim}
if (Count==0) {
    discard this instruction
} else {
    if Count < MAX_COUNT {
      decrement count
    }
    if Rq=1 or Literal {
       put this instruction back into the instruction fifo
    } else {
       execute this instruction again
    }
}
\end{verbatim}
Note how a ``standing'' instruction is encoded as {\tt Count=MAX\_COUNT}       

\item [\tt Dest] ({\bf Data/Token Destination})
   Normally, this field is copied into the path portion of any
   outgoing packet ({\tt Do} on an output port or {\tt To} on either).

   However, in the special case of an output port, if {\tt Do=1,To=1}, then
   the {\it most significant} {\tt 11} bits of the value in the {\it
   data register} are used as a destination path instead.
   %\footnote{This
   %functionality eliminates the need for any sort of ``{\tt Execute}''
   %ship, and lets a {\tt Fifo} ship act as an extension of the
   %instruction queue in the pump.}

\end{itemize}


\pagebreak
\section{Opcodes}

Opcodes, as specified in \cite{am25}, are not yet implemented, but
should be.

\section{Bypasses}

Bypasses, as specified in \cite{am27}, are not yet implemented, but
should be.

\section{Sequencing Guarantees}

\addcontentsline{toc}{subsection}{Source Sequence Guarantee}
If two packets leave the same source and have the same path, they will
arrive at their common destination {\it in the same order in which
  they left the source}.  This assurance is referred to as the {\it
  source sequence guarantee}.

\addcontentsline{toc}{subsection}{Instruction Sequence Guarantee}
CodeBags in memory consist of an unordered set of {\it fibers}.  A
fiber is an ordered set of instructions which all share the same
instruction path, and therefore will be executed by the same pump.
Any code which dispatches a codebag {\it must} ensure that the
instructions within a fiber reach their pump in the order in which
they appear in the fiber.  This is known as the {\it instruction
  sequence guarantee}.  Typically the software dispatching a codebag
will take advantage of the source sequence guarantee in order to
fulfill the instruction sequence guarantee.

\section{Code Bags}

Code bags may overlap in memory.  If the assembler determines that two
code bags share a set of fibers, it may feel free to re-order those
fibers in such a way that the code bags overlap, sharing memory words
for these fibers.  The codebag descriptors for the two bags will then
have different addresses and/or sizes, but the ranges which they
encompass will overlap.

\subsection{Dispatching Code Bags}

A codebag is ``dispatched'' by causing its constituent words to
arrive at the data latch of some output port, and then causing that
output port's pump to execute a {\tt send} (not {\tt sendto})
instruction, which is encoded as {\tt Do=1,To=1}.  Because
instructions are encoded in such a way that their {\tt Instruction
  Path} appears in the upper 11 bits, the {\tt send} mechanism will
correctly route the instruction to a pump will execute it.

Currently the {\tt inCBD} port of the {\tt Memory} ship is ideally
suited for this purpose, although a similar effect can easily be
achieved using the {\tt BitFifo} ship in conjunction with the {\tt
  Memory} ship.  The only disadvantage to this arrangement is that the
{\tt out} port must execute {\tt send} a certain number of times, and
that number of times is determined by the {\tt size} field of the
codebag descriptor.  Unfortunately this value is not known at compile
time, so it cannot be encoded as a repeat count on the instruction at
the {\tt out} port.  The typical solution is to place a standing ({\tt
  count=$\infty$}) {\tt send} instruction at the {\tt out} port of one
{\tt Memory} ship, and reserve that ship exclusively for dispatching
code bags.

Note that instructions are encoded relative to a particular dispatch
output port.  That is, the {\tt Instruction Path} field of the
instruction specifies a path to the desired execution pump -- but this
path is also specified with respect to some source.  Therefore the
instruction can be correctly dispatched only from that particular
source.  However, it is fairly simple to write software which can
``relocate'' a codebag by replacing the {\tt Instruction Path} fields
as needed.

\subsection{Tokens and Data Items}

When a data item is sent to a destination which expects a token, such
as an output port destination, the effect will be the same as if a token
had been sent to that destination, and the data value will be lost.

When a token is sent to a destination which expects a data item, such
as a pump destination or an input port destination, the effect will be
the same as if a data item {\it having an undefined value} were sent
to that destination.  In other words, the programmer has no completely
reliable mechanism for distinguishing between tokens and data items.


\section{Future Directions}

\subsection{The Role of the Count Field}

Looking back on the design of the pump, several things are now
apparent which were not initially.  In particular, it seems that it
could be useful to separate {\it loading the count register} from
other types of instructions.  This would have a few advantages:

\begin{itemize}
\item The size of the count field would not be a consideration in the
      ``instruction budget'' of normal execution instructions

\item It would be possible to have finitely-repeating,
      infinitely-requeueing instructions.  Various implementation
      details\footnote{In many implementations, the count field of an
      instruction is destroyed as it counts down; another register and
      mux would be needed to ``save'' this value so it could be
      restored prior to being requeued} make it awkward to support
      this unless the count register can be manipulated independently
      of instruction execution.
\end{itemize}

With this in mind, we can refactor the ``essence of the pump'' into
the following actions, each of which may or may not be performed by a
particular instruction:

\begin{itemize}
\item await and acknowledge a token
\item await and acknowledge a datum
\item load the awaited datum into the path latch (top 11 bits)
\item load the awaited datum into the data latch
\item load a literal into the data latch
\item load a literal into the path latch
\item send the value in the data latch along the path in the path latch
\item send a token along the path in the path latch
\item set the count register to a literal value
\item decrement the count register
\item requeue this instruction if {\tt count>0}
\item requeue this instruction unconditionally
\item repeat this instruction if {\tt count>0}
\item repeat this instruction unconditionally
\end{itemize}

The crucial change here is the decoupling of the act of {\it loading
  the count register} from the act of {\it loading the next
  instruction}.  It also separates the act of loading the ``path
latch'' from the act of actually performing the transmission.  This
latter feature makes it possible to load the data and destination
latches from two distinct data items, allowing ships to create,
handle, and consume {\it packets} in the form of a pair of data items.

At this point, the remaining decisions are simply a question of
instruction bit budgeting.  Currently we have a separate instruction
form for literals, so that the literal can use bits which are not
otherwise relevant to literal instructions (for example, {\tt Di}).
Adding an additional instruction form for loading the count register
would have similar advantages.


\subsection{For Just a Little Bit More...}

Compared to early revisions of the Fleet architecture, the docks of
FleetTwo are substantially more powerful.  One might ask, why not add
additional power to the docks, perhaps up to the point of making them
tiny von Neumann machines in their own right?  Indeed, doing so would
risk reliving the {\it Wheel of Reincarnation}
\cite{WheelOfReincarnation}.

I believe, however, that there is a fundamental distinction to be
made between devices whose control flow {\it can branch} and those
whose control flow {\it cannot branch}, and that this distinction is
founded in the geometry of VLSI, and indeed, Euclidean space.
Ultimately, the instruction stream for any component of a processor
must exist in some physical incarnation -- some geometric extent.  If
the control flow of a program is linear, with no branching, then the
instruction stream has an optimal spatial mapping which is 
efficient: simply lay it out as a FIFO.

By contrast, however, a program whose instruction stream has
unrestricted branching is logically a {\it tree} structure.  
Unfortunately, however, general trees have no efficient mapping onto
two-dimensional surfaces.  By this, I mean that in every possible
mapping, there exists some pair of {\it logically adjacent}
instructions whose {\it physical distance} is proportional to the size
of the entire program, rather than some constant factor irrespective
of the program size.  Therefore I conclude that the spatial mapping of
a program with unrestricted branching is in an entirely different
class than that of programs with linear control flow, and I choose this
distinction as the basis for limiting the docks to linear control
flow sequences.  A similar argument can be made for looping constructs
in which two or more loops may be nested within a single parent loop.

With this distinction in mind, it would not be objectionable for
future incarnations of Fleet to have {\it predicated} instructions at
the docks.  This might take the form of:

\begin{itemize}
\item Instructions to unconditionally set some ``state flags''
\item Instructions to conditionally set some ``state flags'' based on the contents of the data latch
\item Bits which cause an instruction to be ignored or retired based on the state flags
\end{itemize}

I feel that this addition would not risk falling down the slippery
slope -- instruction streams with predicated instructions (but not
unrestricted branching or nested looping) preserve the crucial
property that they have an efficient spatial mapping.  Any steps
beyond this, however, cross a fairly fundamental line.


\addcontentsline{toc}{section}{Ship Descriptions}